Lecture AP Biology Chapter 56 Conservation biology and global change

... Darwin, during the dry season and some Pied Herons continue north and are found in large numbers in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia during the dry winter period These movements are quite regular and ... the biology of Australian herons, looking at their distribution and movements, feeding and breeding It reviews species numbers, the loss of much habitat and the need to...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 21:20

... synthesis and mitosis and in response to environmental mutagens; these repair pathways are often abnormal in cancer cells When a normal cell has sustained too much damage to repair, the cell activates ... prevent damage to the organ These cell death pathways are also commonly altered in cancer cells, leading to the survival of damaged cells that would normally die Cancer cells...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... the targeted therapy of cancer Therapeutic Approaches to Cell Cycle Abnormalities in Cancer The mechanism of cell division is substantially the same in all dividing cells and has been conserved ... whether a cell will enter S-phase The complex of CDK4 or CDK6 with D type cyclins forms a G1-specific kinase whose activity is regulated by growth factors, nutrients, and cell- cell...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... upregulated by Myc and E2F, and ARF binds to mdm2 and rescues p53 from its inhibitory effect This oncogene checkpoint leads to the death or senescence (an irreversible arrest in G1 of the cell cycle) ... high intracellular levels of p53 protein Inactivation of the p53 pathway compromises cell cycle arrest, attenuates apoptosis induced by DNA damage or other stimuli, and predispose...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... PDK1 and Akt PDK1 has numerous cellular targets including Akt and mTOR Akt phosphorylates target proteins that promote resistance to apoptosis and enhance cell cycle progression, while mTOR and ... prostate, lung, breast, and colon cancer cells in vitro Clinical trials of telomerase vaccines are underway Signal Transduction Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer Cells Sinc...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Breast Binds HER2 on cancer tumor cell surface and induces receptor internalization Cetuximab EGFR (Erbitux) Colon Binds cancer, squamous extracellular domain of cell EGFR and blocks carcinoma ... in in colon cancer, and others Non- Competitive small cell lung inhibitor of the ATP cancer; binding site of the pancreatic EGFR cancer Gefitinb EGFR (Iressa) Non- Inhibitor of sm...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... human cancer, and provide a mechanism to identify subsets of patients likely to respond to the targeted therapy The wild-type EGFR is expressed by many other human cancers, and in colon cancer and ... surface of tumor cells and induces internalization of the receptor, thereby reducing the level of surface expression This leads to inhibition of cell cycle progression and renders...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... transition and passage through the cell cycle Inhibition of one pathway (such as pathway A by a targeted inhibitor) has no significant effect due to redundancy provided by pathways B and C In cancer cells, ... of the cancer cell, without harming normal cells (which maintain wild-type function for gene A) Highthroughput screens can now be performed using isogenic cell line pairs i...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... regulation of gene expression in cancer cells Tumorsuppressor genes are often epigenetically silenced in cancer cells In the upper portion, a CpG island within the promoter and enhancer regions of the ... subcellular locations, and substrates in different cell types PKC is the target of tumor-promoting phorbol esters, and its activation can modulate cell proliferation, different...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... cell lymphoma (e.g., vorinostat) and some solid tumors HDAC inhibitors may target cancer cells via a number of mechanisms including upregulation of death receptors (DR4/5, FAS, and their ligands) ... rendering pRB nonfunctional In sporadic forms of renal, breast, and colon cancer, the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), breast cancer (BRCA1), and serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) genes,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... intra- and extracellular signals impinge upon the core cell cycle machinery to regulate cell division, so too these signals are transmitted to a core enzymatic machinery that regulates cell death and ... aberrant survival pathways in cancer cells The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis can be selectively induced in cancer cells by TRAIL (the ligand for death receptors and 5) or by...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... apoptosis pathways and promote cancer cell survival and resistance to anticancer therapies However, because of their deranged physiology, cancer cells may be more vulnerable than normal cells to therapeutic ... such as APAF-1 and caspase-8 Each of these pathways is a target for therapeutic agents that, in addition to affecting cancer cell proliferation or gene expression, may...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... factor beta (TGF-β) and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met pathways, as well as changes in the expression of adhesion molecules that mediate cell- cell and cellextracellular matrix interactions ... cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases that degrade the basement membrane VEGF-A, -C, and -D are produced by tumor cells and stromal cells in response to hypoxia or oncogenic sig...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... population of stem cells Cancer stem cells, like their normal counterparts, have unlimited proliferative capacity and paradoxically traverse the cell cycle at a very slow rate; cancer growth occurs ... Bcl-2 family members and drug efflux pumps of the MDR family, render cancer stem cells less vulnerable to cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy Implicit in the cancer stem c...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... tumor-suppressor genes, and development of novel therapeutic agents to target dependent pathways In summary, our expanding knowledge of the genetic and molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, and their phenotypic ... activation of p70S6K and inhibition of 4E-BP) for efficient protein translation Inhibitors of mTOR block HIF-1α translation and have significant clinical activity in...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20