Data, sampling, and variation in data and sampling

... chance of being included in the sample Random sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling Convenience sampling is a nonrandom method ... there is variation in data, there is variation in samples As you become accustomed to sampling, the variability will begin to seem natural 17/40 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling ... generate random numbers 12/40 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Besides simple random sampling, there are other forms of sampling that involve a chance process for getting the...

Tài liệu Seasonal variation in the incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in tropical climatic conditions ppt

... frequency of preeclampsia in the dry and wet seasons that occur in Zimbabwe [12] All these studies have assessed if there was a seasonal variation in the incidence of preeclampsia Interestingly Phillips ... et al, in their study, have evaluated the link between the timing of conception with risk of preeclampsia [13] They found the highest risk of preeclampsia in conceptions occurring in the summer ... whereas there was no significant variation in the incidence of preeclampsia based on the timing of delivery In our study, we intend to establish if any such association exists in the distinct climate...

Báo cáo khoa học: Expression of cholinesterases in human kidney and its variation in renal cell carcinoma types pdf

... of cholinesterases in mouse kidney [32] and MDCK cells [33], and, more recently, of ACh and cholinergic receptors in the human urothelium [34], the expression of cholinesterases in human kidney ... Munoz-Delgado et al ˜ Cholinesterases in renal carcinomas Fig Lectin interaction patterns of cholinesterases of human kidney, erythrocytes, and blood plasma Extracts of kidney and erythrocytes, along ... al ˜ Cholinesterases in renal carcinomas Results Cholinesterase activity in human kidney and renal tumours Butyrylcholinesterase activity predominated over acetylcholinesterase activity in healthy...

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN U.S. THYROID CANCER INCIDENCE, AND A CLUSTER NEAR NUCLEAR REACTORS IN NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND PENNSYLVANIA potx

... (1035) 5.5- 6.3 46 Arkansas 5.4 ( 755) 5.0- 5.8 Maryland No data available Mississippi No data available Tennessee No data available Virginia No data available Wisconsin No data available Source: U.S ... Rhode Island) Of the five states with the lowest rates, four are in the southeast U.S (Arkansas, North Carolina, Alabama, and South Carolina) Table Thyroid Cancer Incidence, by State, U.S., 2001-2005 ... 100 Mile Radius New Jersey, Southern New York, and Eastern Pennsylvania Reactor Location Indian Point Buchanan NY Indian Point Buchanan NY Indian Point Buchanan NY Limerick Limerick PA Limerick...

Variation in Helper Type Affects Group Stability and Reproductive Decisions in a Cooperative Breeder doc

... Life-history trade-offs affect the costs and beneﬁts of staying within the natal group and engaging in helping activities, versus leaving the group and refraining from helping, and therefore may explain ... of carrying sand away from the shelters in a 10-min observation for each focal (‘digging alone’) In the evening of the same day, a large male and female was added, who accepted the focal individual ... the breeders, engaging in all tasks relevant to breeding: fanning and cleaning eggs, digging out shelters, cleaning breeding shelters from debris and defending the group against conspeciﬁc and...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Variation in wood volatile compounds in a mixed oak stand: strong species and spatial diﬀerentiation in whisky-lactone content" pptx

... ecological zones (valley, hill and intermediary level), allowing a detailed investigation of both species and local environmental eﬀects MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Wood sampling The sampled stand ... zones: a small valley, a plateau and a regular intermediate slope The plateau is covered by a well drained soil and composed of sand and slit The small valley is characterized by humid clayish soil ... oak wood In such research the high natural variability of volatiles in oak wood within and between individual trees must be taken into consideration Moreover, experimental practices such as sampling,...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Heartwood and sapwood variation in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees at the end of rotation for pulpwood production" potx

... report data on the within and betweentree variability of sapwood and heartwood in four commercial plantations of E globulus at the time of harvest for pulp production, and analyse the in uence of ... factors The decomposition of the variance by sources of variation showed that the eﬀect of height level explained between 85% and 88% of the total variation while between-tree variation accounted for ... levels: at the base, at 5% of total height and subsequently at intervals of 10% up to 65% and at 90% of total tree height, that corresponded to a diameter of approximately cm and the limit of the commercial...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Patterns of longitudinal within-tree variation in pulpwood and solidwood traits diﬀer among Eucalyptus globulus genotypes" pot

... lack of signiﬁcant diﬀerences in kino among genotypes indicated that breeding is unlikely to be a useful means of reducing kino in plantation grown E globulus However, the assessment of kino induced ... longitudinal variation in kino score may have been due to longitudinal variation in physiology, longitudinal variation in the risk of injury to the cambium [12] and/ or the fact that the base of trees were ... diﬀerences among subraces and families in the lower stem and extremely low decay levels in the upper stem was indicative of genotypeby-height-category interaction Within-tree variation in Eucalyptus globulus...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp:"Lack of allozyme and ISSR variation in the Rare endemic tree species, Berchemia berchemiaefolia (Rhamnaceae) in Korea" pptx

... seeds/ha/yr of B berchemiaefolia, only 406 000 seeds developed into seedlings Of these seedlings, 630 individuals grew into saplings and finally only individuals developed into mature trees These results ... some trees are left after harvest to regenerate the stand, diversity of their offspring may be affected In other words, if only a few trees are left to serve as seed parents, then inbreeding and ... alleles were interpreted by drawing on the experience gained in our laboratory from Lack of genetic variation in Korean berchemia 359 studies of other angiosperm tree species and on the known subunit...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp:" Variation in the decay resistance and its relationship with other wood characteristics in old Scots pines" ppsx

... properties of the wood, and thus quantify the importance of the individual factors contributing to the natural durability of Scots pine wood The variation in the in vitro decay rate, and in the extractive ... the heartwood The other marked difference between the outer and the inner heartwood found in the present study was in the concentration of pinosylvin (PS) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) ... best in the outer heartwood However, according to the coefficient of variation (CV%), the variation among the trees was also clearly the highest in the outer heartwood The decay resistance of the...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Within-crown variation in leaf conductance of Norway spruce: effects of irradiance, vapour pressure deficit, leaf water status and plant hydraulic constraints" ppt

... foliage in 1997 (slope –0.0223, P < 0.05) 3.2 Effects of atmospheric evaporative demand, leaf water status and plant hydraulic conductance The effects of atmospheric evaporative demand and plant hydraulic ... the data obtained in 1997, accounting for the interactive effects of irradiance, VPD, and plant hydraulic conductance, described 83.3–89.0% of the total variance of leaf conductance and demonstrated ... to water vapour pressure deficit is proportional to stomatal conductance at low VPD 4.2 Effects of leaf water status versus hydraulic constraints The mean hydraulic conductance of the soil-to-leaf...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Hardness and basic density variation in the juvenile wood of maritime pine" ppt

... considering other determinants In the inner rings below m (classes 1, and 5), the relationships were slightly poorer than in the other positions and in C and C the , coefficients a and b of the regressions ... percentage of earlywood, no real latewood and a higher intra-ring homogeneity) and which can induce a different behaviour during the indentation of the tool It was again in these inner rings that ... Loblolly pine In the inner rings of the same species, Megraw [13] measured an increase of 15 % in basic density when the height in the tree decreased from to 0.3 m However, these within-tree patterns...

Báo cáo lâm nghiệp: "Variation in the composition and content of ellagitannins in the heartwood of European oaks (Quercus robur and Q petraea). A comparison of two French forests and variation with heartwood age" ppt

... contrasts with the variation of roburins A and C Roburin A increases in concentration during the first 10 years of ageing and roburin C over the first 30 years, before each declines again in older ... degree of variation in ellagitannin concentrations that occurs between trees, populations and the two European oak species Q petraea (Matt) and Q robur L Levels of tannins in the heartwood of these ... ellagitannin was calculated in relation to total soluble ellagitan- nins A nested analysis of variance was carried out on arcsine-transformed percentage data A nonparametric comparison of the two...

Báo cáo khoa học: " Taxonomical impact of morphological variation in Quercus robur and Q petraea: a contribution to the hybrid controversy" pps

... Quercus robur L and Q pe(Matt) Liebl: a multivariate approach to the hybrid problem Data acquisition analysis and interpretation Watsonia 12, 81-101 Rushton BS (1983) An analysis of variation of traea ... 18 and 25 mm in sessile oak This variation covers about 60% of the trees classified here as pedunculate oaks and only 30% of the sessile oaks The question arises as to whether the variation in ... 2M) allows the 279 trees to be divided into two large (1 and 2) and one small group (3) (fig 1) .In table I, the mean values are indicated for each of the groups, and the F-values of the variance-analytical...

Báo cáo khoa học: "Intra- and interpopulational genetic variation in juvenile populations of Quercus robur L and Quercus petraea Lieb" pot

... characterize juvenile Quercus populations but not the succeeding life stages The genetic multiplicity was very large in all samples investigated including single-population samples This finding concurs ... différences entre elles Les populations prises individuellement partagent une partie plus faible de l ensemble du pool génétique que les populations regroupées entre elles Les allèles communs indiquent ... Genetic multiplicity in terms of average number of alleles or genotypes per locus is summarized in table IV There is no allele which occurs in all samples of one species but not in any sample of the...

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