A GIS spatial planning model for bus routing

... geography of earth surface features (shape, position), and an attribute database, containing characteristics of the spatial features The Spatial Database The information contained in the spatial ... been organised (Kroenke, 1995; Healey, 1991; NCGIA, 1990) GIS database contains two main types of data There are in fact two databases: a spatial database, containing locational data a...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 12:42

... minimal then 8: Update bracketing instances for index j 9: end if 10: end if 11: end for 12: for each j ∈ c := ∪ {bracketing instances from j} 13: 14: end for 15: Output: bracketing instances We ... the parse tree 3.3 The Integration of the SDB Model into Phrase-Based SMT We integrate the SDB model into phrase-based SMT to help decoder perform syntax-driven phrase trans...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 07:20

... Crucially, any information about repair is stripped from the input, including partial words, repair symbols , and interruption point information While an integrated system for processing and parsing speech ... start and end of the reparandum 108 Conclusion This paper has described a novel method for parsing speech that contains speech repairs This system achieves high accuracy i...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 09:20

... Therefore, the models used in spelling correction are inadequate for providing a complete solution for SMS normalization 2.3 SMS Normalization versus General Text Normalization General text normalization ... pre-processing work for an English-toChinese SMS translation system using a wordgroup model In addition, in most of the commercial SMS translation applications , SMS...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... called an annotated phrase level (APL) The i-th APL is denoted as Fi For example, L5 in Figure has an annotated phrase level F5 = {B [fB], F [fF], c4 [fc,]} as its Semantic Tagging Canonical Form ... can be characterized differently Semantic Tagging A popular linguistic approach to annotate a tree is to use a unification-based mechanism However, many information irrelevant to disa...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 21:20

... the early trophoblast of the attachment phase or as later invasive stage [46–48] Thus, in most cases, choriocarcinoma has the appearance of trophoblast, being predominantly syncytiotrophoblastic ... cytotrophoblastic Some cytotrophoblastic choriocarcinomas secrete little human chorionic gonadotropin and some choriocarcinomas also secrete human placental lactogen [22–27] A number o...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 23:20

... techniques, the DOM tree alignment model, sentence alignment model, and candidate web page pair verification model are introduced DOM Tree Alignment Model The Document Object Model (DOM) is an application ... 1: Precision of Mined Parallel Documents Experimental Results The DOM tree alignment based mining system is used to acquire English-Chinese paralle...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:21

... adopted semantic network construction model, each semantic edge type is given a different weight The intuition behind edge types’ weighting is that certain types provide stronger semantic connections ... other semantic network based models will also shed light towards the conditions, under which, embedding semantic information improves text retrieval Moreover, there are addit...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... improvements through better selection of forms that already exist in the translation model A Class-based Model of Agreement 2.1 Morpho-syntactic Agreement Morpho-syntactic agreement refers to a relationship ... affect the agreement model: 149 We assume familiarity with these operations, which are described in detail in (Och and Ney, 2004) 3.2 Agreement Model Inference The c...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... F-score performance on the test data Conclusion and Future Work This paper has described a stacked sub -word model for joint Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging We defined a sub -word structure ... 2005) In this work, stacked learning is used to acquire extended training data for sub -word tagging 3.1 Method Architecture In our stacked sub -word model...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... application Performance improvements due to morphological information have been reported for example in MT, information retrieval, and speech recognition For the latter task, morphological segmentations ... systems for morphological segmentation with respect to CELEX manual morphological annotation Rule-based systems are currently the most common approach to morphological deco...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... 2004a Pharaoh: a beam search decoder for phrase-based statistical machine translation models In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, ... Ney 2004 Improvements in phrase-based statistical machine translation In Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2004, pages 257–264 Philipp Koehn 2004b Statistical significance tests for mach...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 05:20

... productions, both will have equal likelihood A Generative Constituent-Context Model To exploit the benefits of parameter search, we used a novel model which is designed specifically to enable a ... complex generative model in which the bracketing generates a labeling which then generates the constituents and contexts The set of labels for constituent spans and distituent spans are...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... advantages of the transition-based strategy, the integrated algorithm we are looking for has to be transition-based at the top level The advantages of the graph-based approach – a more globally informed ... issue of transition-based parsing: in many situations, a transition-based parser is forced to make an attachment decision for a given input word at a point...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 22:20

... Conclusion Hierarchical rule selection is an important and complicated task for hierarchical phrase-based SMT system We propose a joint probability model for the hierarchical rule selection and ... sub-models can improve the hierarchical rule selection It is noticeable that the performance of the source-side rule selection model is comparable with that of t...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20