... DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING FOR FLOWS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS BY LIM WEE CHUAN ELDIN (M.Eng., B.Eng (Hons.), NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ... University for helpful discussions via video-conferencing on the subject of granular attrition which subsequently led to the formulation of a theoretical approach for modeling bulk granular attrition ... contact force fcn,ij normal component of contact force fct,ij tangential component of contact force fd,ij viscous contact damping force fdn,ij normal component of viscous contact damping force...