manning schuetze statisticalnlp phần 9 docx

... Ddxn: (15.12) Atxd = h&mn(Ddxn)T 15.5 Discourse Segmentation I cohesion 5 69 * 91 92 93 91 92 93 94 95 91 92 93 94 s5 gs 97 gaps texti text2 texts Figure 15.12 Three constellations of cohesion scores ... see (Stolcke et al. 199 8), (Walker et al. ALOG MODELING 199 8) and (Samuel et al. 199 8) for probabilistic approaches to dialog mod- eling and (Kehler 199 7) and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... (Lari and Young 199 1). For the extension of the algorithms presented here to arbitrary PCFGs, see (Charniak 199 3) or (Kupiec 199 1, Jelinek et al. ( 199 0) and Jelinek et al. ( 199 2a) provide a thorough ... (Horning 196 9; Ellis 196 9; Hutchins 197 0). Tree structures in probability theory are normally referred to as BRANCHING processes, and are discussed in such work as (Harris 196 3) a...

Ngày tải lên: 21/08/2013, 10:59

... Grammar 315 9 Markov Models 317 9. 1 Markov Models 318 9. 2 Hidden Markov Models 320 9. 2.1 Why use HMMs? 322 9. 2.2 General form of an HMM 324 9. 3 The Three Fundamental Questions for HMMs 325 9. 3.1 Finding ... observation 326 9. 3.2 Finding the best state sequence 331 9. 3.3 The third problem: Parameter estimation 333 9. 4 HMMs: Implementation, Properties, and Variants 336...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... We want to determine: P(GIT) = P(TIG)P(G) P(TIG)P(G) + P(TIG)P(G) 0 .95 x 0.00001 = = 0 .95 x 0.00001 + 0.005 x 0 .99 999 0.002 Here we use having the construction or not as the partition in the ... 101” 1 9 2444.23 2 18 2.07 x lo7 2 8 244.42 4 16 1.34 x 10s 3 7 36.21 6 14 2307.06 4 6 7.54 8 12 87. 89 5 5 2.16 10 10 6. 89 6 4 0.84 12 8 1. 09 7 3 0.45 14 6 0.35 8 2 0.36 16 4 0.25...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... texts CORPUS LINGUISTICS on corpus linguistics (McEnery and Wilson 199 6; Stubbs 199 6; Biber et al. 199 8; Kennedy 199 8; Barnbrook 199 6). These books also contain much more discussion of corpus design ... performance (about 98 -99 % correct). Reynar and Ratnaparkhi ( 199 7) and Mikheev ( 199 8) develop Maximum Entropy approaches to the prob- lem, the latter achieving an accuracy rate o...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... 198 7), (Jelinek 199 0), (Church and Gale 199 1a), (Ney and Essen 199 3), and (Ristad 199 5). Other discussions of es- timation techniques can be found in (Jelinek 199 7) and (Ney et al. 199 7). Gale ... Data Bigrams r N, r 1 138741 28 2 25413 29 3 10531 30 4 599 7 31 5 3565 32 6 2486 7 1754 1264 8 1342 1366 9 1106 191 7 10 896 2233 . . . 2507 NV 90 120 86 98 99 ....

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... (Pereira et al. 199 3; Zernik 199 lb; Dolan 199 4; Pedersen and Bruce 199 7; Chen and Chang 199 8). Pereira et al, ( 199 3) cluster contexts of words in a way similar to Schutze ( 199 8), but based ... their meaning. (See (Apresjan 197 4), (Pustejovsky 199 1), (Lakoff 198 7), (Ostler and Atkins 199 21, (Nunberg and Zaenen 199 2), and (Copes- take and Briscoe 199 5) for the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... JJ NN RB RP VB VBG DT 99 .4 .3 .3 IN .4 97 .5 1.5 .5 JJ .l 93 .9 1.8 .9 .l .4 NN 2.2 95 .5 .2 .4 RB .2 2.4 2.2 .6 93 .2 1.2 RP 24.7 1.1 12.6 61.5 VB .3 1.4 96 .0 VBG 2.5 4.4 93 .0 Table 10.10 A portion ... (Benello et al. 198 9), decision trees (Schmid 199 4), memory-based learning (or k nearest neighbor approaches) (Daelemans et al. 199 6), and maximum entropy models (Rat...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... by Knight ( 199 7). Readers interested in efficient decod- ing algorithms (in practice one of the hardest problems in statistical MT) should consult Wu ( 199 6), Wang and Waibel ( 199 7), and NieBen ... MT) should consult Wu ( 199 6), Wang and Waibel ( 199 7), and NieBen et al. ( 199 8). Alshawi et al. ( 199 7), Wang and Waibel ( 199 8), and Wu and Wong 14.1 Hierarchical Clust...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22

... test, 1 69, 6 09 o-field, 40 * as a marker of ungrammaticality, 9 ? as a marker of marginal grammaticality, 9 A* search, 442 Abney ( 199 1), 376,414,451 Abney ( 199 6a), 375, 376 Abney ( 199 6b), ... 467, 470 Allen ( 199 51, 79, 402 alphabet, 61 Alshawi and Carter ( 199 4), 261 Alshawi et al. ( 199 71, 492 ambiguity, 110, 2 29, see also disambiguation and semantic similarit...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:22