Transoesophageal Echocardiography study guide and practice mcqs phần 2 pot

... ultrasound 11 Table 1 .2 Effect of transducer frequency on attenuation coefficient (AC) and half-value layer thickness (HVLT) Transducer f (MHz) AC (−dB/cm) HVLT (cm) 21 3 3 1.5 2 421 .5 5 2. 5 1 .2 631 Half ... 90 ◦ incident angle, reflection only occurs if Z 1 = Z 2 Greater the difference between Z 1 and Z 2 →↑IRC IRC (%) = [(Z 2 − Z 1 )/(Z 2 + Z 1 )] 2 1 Physics of ultr...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... Echocardiography D. 14.5 mm/µs E. 1.54 cm/µs 2. Audible sound has a frequency of A 2 20 Hz B 20 20 000 Hz C 20 20 000 kHz D 2 20 MHz E > ;20 MHz 3 The speed of sound through a medium is increased with A increased ... (emptying) and filling low velocities associated with thrombus Right atrium (Fig. 3 .2) RA area = 13.5 cm 2 ± 2cm 2 RA pressure = 1–5 mmHg RA SaO 2 = 75% Left ve...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... observed from the standard commissural view (at 40–60 ◦ ) A A1, A2, P1 B A2, P1, P3 C A1, A3, P2 D A1, P1, P2 E A3, P1, P3 8. Normal mitral valve area is A 1 2 cm 2 B 2 4 cm 2 C 4–6 cm 2 Ventricular ... stress 72 Transoesophageal Echocardiography 4. The left ventricular walls seen from the standard two chamber view (at 90 ◦ )are A inferior and lateral B anterior and lateral...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... <1.5 cm Mild 1.5–3 cm Moderate 3–4.5 cm Severe >4.5 cm (2) Jet area Trivial <2cm 2 Mild 2 4 cm 2 Moderate 4–10 cm 2 Severe > 10 cm 2 (3) Jet length/RA length Mild <33% Moderate 33–66% Severe ... cm 2 is severe E mild regurgitation is common in the normal population 11. The maximum velocity across a normal pulmonary valve is A 1 2 cm/s B 6–9 cm/s C 10 20 cm/s D 60–9...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... 118 Pseudomasses 118 Vegetations 120 8Congenital heart disease 122 Valve defects 122 Ventricular defects 123 Great vessels 124 ASD 126 VSD 128 9Extracardiac anatomy 1 32 Pericardium 1 32 Aortic disease 136 10 ... Transoesophageal Echocardiography Study Guide and Practice Questions Dr Andrew Roscoe, F.R.C.A Consultant in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia Wythenshawe Hospital, Man...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... 20 Transoesophageal Echocardiography Steering = slope Focusing = curvature Fig. 1.18 Physics of ultrasound 29 A A Threshold Fig. 1 .29 Display Cathode ray tubes (CRT) = TV screens ( 525 ... velocity resolution Depth vs. PRF Depth inversely proportional to PRF 22 Transoesophageal Echocardiography LARRD distance Fig. 1 .21 Imaging Resolution Longitudinal resolution Longitud...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... veins Four veins: 2 right–upper and lower (RUPV and RLPV) 2 left–upper and lower (LUPV and LLPV) 2% population have > 2 PVs from right lung Doppler flow composed of S, D and A waves (Fig. 3 .20 ) Swave ... S, D and A waves (Fig. 3 .21 ) CS dilated with: RV dysfunction increased RAP increased volume flow, e.g. persistent left SVC 66 Transoesophageal Echocardiography ECG...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... left ventricular mass of greater than A 12 mg/m 2 B 120 mg/m 2 C 12 g/m 2 D 120 g/m 2 E 1 .2 kg/m 2 2. If the left ventricular internal diameter in systole is 30 mm and the left ventricular internal ... fraction Trivial< ;20 % Mild 20 –30% Moderate 30–50% Severe>50% (8) Effective regurgitant orifice (ERO): from PISA Mild<0 .2 cm 2 Moderate 0 .2 0.4 cm 2 Severe>0...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... (Fig. 8 .2) Immediately inferior to PV and AV (LCC and RCC) = infundibular VSD Infracristal Inferior and posterior to crista supraventricularis (Fig. 8 .2) (1) Membranous: beneath AV (RCC/NCC) (2) Muscular: ... IPP → Expansion of RA and RV into pericardial space →↑Venous return to right side 124 Transoesophageal Echocardiography TOEassessment (1) Accessory chamber Hypoplastic...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20

... 101–3 aetiology 101 2 assessment 103 equations 141 features 1 02 peak pressure gradient 103, 1 02 3 severity assessment 1 02 aortic valve 59–61 area 103 bicuspid 122 congenital defects 122 –3 disease 101–5 early ... pressure gradient 103, 1 02 3, 111 quadricuspid 123 replacement 111 univalve 122 arrays 17 21 artefacts 35–9 atherosclerosis 136 atrial septal defect 126 –8 primum 126 sec...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 01:20