... ofinflammatory reactions in RA, by expressing IL-32, which in turn induces the expression of TNF-α, IL-1, orIL-18 by macrophages or dendritic cells, bridging innateand adaptive immunity. IL-32 ... expressed by FLSs, and their expression is increased in response toinflammatory stimuli [15,16].FLSs exert a pro-inflammatory activity, essentially by synthesizing cytokines, chemokines, prostanoids, ... IL-18, partly by amplifying the signals induced by NOD2 [5,7]. Because these cytokines are neverreleased by activated FLSs, the present data suggest thatFLSs may play an important role in the amplification...