Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 8 docx
Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 8 docx
... used.When the stresses and strains become large and the stress-strain curvebecomes nonlinear, simple descriptions of the response and interconversionsbetween creep and relaxation become increasingly ... unit, which consists of a Hookean spring and a Newtonian dashpot in series as shown in theinsert in Figure 1. The modulus or stiffness of the spring is E, and theviscosity of the dashpot is r\. ... relaxation of a Maxwell model (linear scales), T = 1 s.3Creep and Stress RelaxationI. INTRODUCTIONCreep and stress-relaxation tests measure the dimensional stability of amaterial, and because...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 1 doc
... bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0 -82 47 -89 64-41. Polymers Mechanical properties. 2. Polymeric composites— Mechanical properties. I. Landel. Robert F. II. Title.III. Series: Mechanical engineering ... H5Vin. Effects of Plasticizcrs and Copolymerization 181 IX. Effect of Molecular Orientation 188 X. Effect of Strength of Intcrmolccular Forced 194XL Polyblends, Block, and # Graft Polymers mXH. ... Cataloging-In-Publitation DateNielsen. Lawrence E. Mechanical properties of polymers and composites / Lawrence E.Nielsen. Robert F. Landel. — 2nd ed., rev. and expanded.p. cm. — (Mechanical engineering ; 90)Includes...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 2 pot
... have traditionally been the most popular and universally used of alt mechanical tests and are described by ASTM standard Vests such as D6 38, D 882 , and D412. These tests can be more difficult ... bewildering number of mechanical tests and testing instru-ments. Most of these tests are very specialized and have not been officially recognized as standardized tests. Some of these tests, however, ... variety of units are used in reporting values of mechanical tests. Stresses, moduli of elasticity, and other properties are given in such units as MK.S (SI), cgs, and English units. A table of...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 3 potx
... function of the ratio of segmental mobilities of cross-linked to uncross-linked polymer units and the relative cohesive energy densities of cross-linked and uncross-linked polymer (88 ). The ... by the pairs of polymers polypropylene (T g=1 0 C) and polyisobutylene (Tg = -70 C), and poly(vinyi chloride) (Tg =87 C) and poly(vinylidene chloride) (Tg =- 19°C). The symmetrical polymers have ... coefficient of expansion above Ts and agiis the coefficient below Tg for many polymers\ aA= 4 .8 x 10 4K^-1. The Tg Mechanical Tests and Polymer Transitions 17 ambiguous and soundest...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 4 pdf
... Intersaence, New York. 19 48. 3. J I), Ferry. Viscoelastic properties of Polymers, 3rd ed., Wiley. New York, 1 980 . 4. I , n, Nielsen. Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New ... behavior of polymers, and since these factors can be varied over a wide range, the mechani-cal properties of crystalline polymers take on a bewildering array of possibilities. The nature of the mechanical ... Figures 8 and 9 illustrate .schematically some of the possible chain arrangements in crystalline polymers (131-133). If the ordered, crystalline regions are cross sections of bundles of chains and...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 5 doc
... ease of analysis. In this caseThe stress thus produced is out of phase with the input by an amount 8: so that cr0 cos 8 is the component of the stress in phase with the strain and a0 sin 8 ... all directions. Unoriented amorphous polymers and annealed glasses are examples of such materials. They haveonly one of each of the three kinds of moduli, and since the moduli areinterrelated, ... V is measured and the Young's mod-ulus E is calculated as follows:where C and D are the width and thickness of the specimen (11,12). Thisflexure test often gives values of the Young's...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 6 doc
... weight and molecular weight distribution, degree of cross-linking, and of Plasticization. For two-phase and multiphase systems such as semi-crystalline polymers and polymer blends, morphology and ... the effects of the operational vari-ables temperature and frequency and of changes in the nature of the pol-ymer is closely tied ty) TK and £(,A,, which set the location of the transitionzone ... made and there is no equivalent to the characteristic time of Figure 5A).In this section we summarize the effect of structural and compositionalfactors on the modulus of the simplest of amorphous...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 7 pdf
... effect of any change in £()jrCopolymers and plasticized materials often show another effect—abroadening of the transition region with a decrease in the slope of themodulus curve in the region of ... plateau.Plasticizers and Copolymerization also shift the glass transition responses of the amorphous phase of crystalline polymers. In addition, the degree of Crystallinity and melting point are ... detail in laterchapters.E. Block and Graft Polymers and PolyblendsIn a few cases mixtures of two polymers are soluble in one another, wherethere is a close match of the solubility parameters or...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 9 doc
... amorphous polymers isor. less accurately, using the average value of Au from many polymers, of 4.S x H) ' K \is the difference between the liquid and glassy volumetric expansioncoefficients and ... /,, f 10 K and abftut 100 K above 7^,. Above this temper-ature, for thermally stable polymers, Berry and Fox ( 28) have shown thata useful extension of the WLF equation is the addition of an Arrheniusterm ... WLF(Williams, Landel, and Ferry) equation, which describes the effect of tem-perature on the time scale of the response.The Boltzmann superposition principle states that the response of amaterial...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 10 ppsx
... chain,]In general, the two sections of the curve in Figure 13 can be representedby an equation of the form (134-1 38, 28) Creep and Stress Relaxation 83 and Halpin ( 58) have similarly reported that ... the value of (r(. for polyethylenesincreased by a factor of about 5 in going from a polymer with a density of 0.920 to a highly crystalline one with a density of 0. 980 . Reid (80 ,81 ) hassuggested ... nitrogen.Annealing can reduce the creep of crystalline polymers in the samemanner as for glassy polymers (89 ,94,102). For example, the properties of a quenched specimen of low-density polyethylene will...
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