... albeit minimally, in HIV infected individuals. Before the availability of protease inhibitors (PIs), low BMD was rarely observed in HIV infected individuals. However, the role of HAART in the ... according to the WHO definition. Increased markers of bone resorption and bone formation, including elevations in urine pyridinolines, bone alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. Another study in ... the blood or urine. These markers include bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, which are indices of bone formation. There are also urinary levels of pyridinolines and deoxypyridinolines...