... treat Y= {Y 1, Y 2, , Y n} as the multiple phenotypic traits of n indivi-duals. For a progeny i (i = 1, 2, , n), we have Y yy y yy y yy y iLLLL LL=⎛⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎞⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟11 12 121 ... University Park, PA 16802, USA.2Center for Statistical Genetics,Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 10733, USA.3Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University,Beijing ... This technique yields n level sets functions Y= {Y 1, Y 2, Y n} corresponding to above n aligned training shapes. From the standpoint ofQTL mapping, we treat Y= {Y 1, Y 2, , Y n} as the multiple...