Báo cáo y học: "Psychosocial factors and their role in chronic pain: A brief review of development and current stat" ppsx

... factors and their role in chronic pain: A brief review of development and current statusStanley I Innes*Address: Private Practice 35 Maroondah Highway, Lilydale, 3140, AustraliaEmail: Stanley ... Cognitive Behavioural models dominate the research landscape in this area.They are gaining wider acceptance and some aspects are being integrated and implemented into a number of health care systems. ... H, Spear FG: Pain: Psychological and psychiatric aspects Bailliere,Tindall and Cassell: London; 1967. 2. Bonica JJ: Pain research and therapy, achievements of the past and challenges of the...

... accuracy of the data analysis. All authors partici-pated in the conception and design of the study; analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the paper and revisingit critically for substantial ... and facilitate critical appraisal and interpretation. The Stand-ardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transi-tions (SMART) initiative aims to ensure standardization of planning, training, ... an abnormal increase in the number of cases of malaria, diarrhea and measlesؠ Community awareness campaign about the NGOs activitiesConflict and Health 2009, 3:8 http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/3/1/8Page...

... Onthebasis of microsatelliteanalysisitmaybeconcludedthatthepresentgeneticstructure of mongoloids of Sikkimisnotakintothemongoloids of NortheastIndia in spite of their similarethnicity, and similarhabitate.Duetolongtimeisolation and amalgamationwithnon-mongoloids of adjacentareathesecommunitiesexhibit a mixedgenepool.Thetime of divergencerevealtheroute of thepossiblemigration of Lepcha of Sikkim in IndiawasfromEastAsiathroughTibet.Thiscouldbethereason of their highgeneticaffinitywithNepali,Bhutia, and thosepopulations(e.g.Chinese)whohadalsomigratedviathesameroutei.e.Zang(Tibet)-maincorridor,themostfrequentroutetoentertheHimalayasfromtheeast(Fig.2).Theextent of geneticvariation in threepredominantmongoloidpopulations of Sikkim and mongoloids of northeastIndiacouldbeattributedtosignificant role playedbymigratoryevents in geneticdifferentiation.Although a largernumber of lociareessentialfordrawingAbstractBackground: A widespectrum of geneticdiversity in mongoloids of Indiaiswelldocumented.Thoughallmongoloids of IndiaareknowntohaveoriginatedfromtheMongolregion of Chinabuttheperiod and route of migrationfrom their nativelandtodifferentHimalayanregionsislittleknown.Thusthestudiesongenomicdiversity of people of Sikkim, a centralHimalayanstate of Indiawithdifferentmigrantmongoloidgroups,assumegreatsignificance in understandingtheimpact of migratoryevents in thegeneticdifferentiation of populations.Wethereforestudiedthegeneticdiversityonthebasis of 13-tetranucleotide and 2pentanucleotidemicrosatellitelocifor a total of 208allelefrequencies in threemajorpopulations of Sikkim,withdifferentethnohistory and time of settlement.Result:Thestudyonmicrosatelliteallelefrequencydatasuggeststhatallthethreepopulations of Sikkimaregeneticallymoreakintothemongoloids of China and distinctlyapartfromthemongoloids of NortheastIndia.HoweverSikkimpopulationsarealsogeneticallyclosetonon-mongoloids of surroundingareas.Theaverageheterozygosity and coefficient of genedifferentiationamongSikkimpopulationsaremoderate.Number of sharedalleles and their frequencies,time of divergence and bottleneckeffectreveal a distinctiveness of themongoloidssettled in SikkimfromthemainIndianmongoloidstockasalsodifferentroute of migrationthanthemongoloidpopulation of NortheastIndia.Conclusion:Ourstudyclearlydemonstratesthatthepresentdaymongoloids of Sikkimaregeneticallydistinctfrommongoloids of NortheastIndiadueto their differentroute of migration,time of settlement, and admixturewithothernon-mongoloidpopulations of adjoiningareas.Thissubstantiatesthatmigratoryeventshaveplayed a significant role in thedifferentiation of mongoloids of India.whichbelongtoTibeto-Burmanlinguisticsubfamily and representtheIndo-Mongoloidethnicgroup of NortheastIndia[34].Brahmins of Orissa(n=60)[39],Bihar(n=59)[40] and Karnataka(n=65)[41]havebeentakentobe of theIndo-Caucasianorigin.Chinese and Caucasiandatahavebeenusedforglobalpopulationreference[42].StatisticalAnalysis:-Thefrequencies of eachalleleforindividualSTRlociwerecalculatedfromthenumber of eachgenotype in thesamplesetbythemethod of genecount[43].Wehaveused165alleles of 12microsatellitelociforcomparison,sincedataonD16S539,PentaE, and PentaDlociarenotavailableforNortheastIndianpopulations.Thenumber of sharedalleles and their variance(V)werescoredforthe12loci in MICROSATtochecktheallelicdiversityamongthepopulations.Pair-wisegeneticdistancesamongpopulationswerecomputedusingvariousdistancemeasuresD A [44],Ds[14],Dc[45],Dsw[46],(δµ)2[17] and Fst[47]with1000replicationsusingsimulationprogramMICROSAT[48].Thesegeneticdistancemeasuresareseentobe a highlyefficientparameterforcomputingcorrectphylogenytrees and evolutionarytimespanunderdifferentevolutionaryconditions.Besidestheyareleastaffectedbysmallsamplesize[27].Phylogenyanalysiswascarriedoutfollowingtheneighbourjoining(NJ)[49] and theunweightedpairgroupmethodwitharithmeticmean(UPGMA)[50]methods.TheGst(genediversity) and heterozygosityvalueswerecomputedusingtheprogrammeDISPAN[51] and programme[52]wasusedforgeneratingphylogenetictrees.Time of separationfromcommonancestorhasbeencalculatedbyusingthegeneticdistancesDs,Dsw and (δµ)2betweenpopulations.SIGNtestfor15microsatelliteloci of Sikkimpopulationswasperformedtocheckwhetherpopulationsexperiencedanybottleneck in recentpastornot[26]underIAM(Infiniteallelemodel)aswellasSMM34.SinghKS:India'sCommunities,NationalSeries.People of India.OxfordUniversityPress,1998.35.Kashyap ... Theaboveadvantageshavemademicrosatellitemarkersextremelyinformative in understandingthegeneticstructure,migratoryhistory and evolution of humanpopulations[21-23] and ourmarker of choicetoexaminetheimpact of migratoryeventsonthegeneticdifferentiation of Sikkimsettlers and their geneticrelationshipwithothermongoloids of NortheastIndia, and Caucasoid-affiliatedpopulations of adjoiningarea.ResultsGeneticdifferentiation&heterozygosity:-Locus and populationwiseheterozygosity and Gst(coefficient of genedifferentiation)valuesreflectingtheextent of differentiationamongthepopulations of Sikkimareshown in Table1.TheaverageGstvalue(0.0237)suggestsmoderatedegree of genedifferentiationamongthestudiedpopulations.Thevalueshowevervastlydifferfromlocitoloci;itisonly0.004atlociD3S1358, and D16S539,while0.088atlociFGA.Similarlymoderatedifferentiation(0.0206to0.0365)wasobservedatlociPentaD,CSF1PO,TPOX,D8S1179,VWA,D5S818 and D7S820.Averageheterozygosityobservedatdifferentlocidepictsthemongoloidethnicgroup,albeittheLepchaaresaidtobetheforerunneramongthesettlers in thestate,followedbyBhutia and Nepalimigration in thestate[1].TheBhutiacommunityisbasicallythepeople of Tibetan(Chinese)origin, and their migrationtoSikkimhadoccurredatleast800yearsago.TheNepalesearrived in Sikkimabout200yearsago[1].Thoughthemigration of LepchatoSikkimis a contentiousissue,therearetwomajortheoriesabouttheLepchaorigin and period of migrationtoSikkim:(i) A smallpopulation of NagastockfromtheGarohills of AssammigratedtoSikkimabout2000yearsago, and (ii) a groupfromeastAsiamainlandmigratedthroughTibet(China)duringanearlierphase of humanmigrationtotheHimalayasatleast3000yearsago[1].Thecomplexmigration and settlementhistory of differentgroups in Sikkimwithrespectto their genetichistoryisstilllittleknown.Autosomal and Y chromosomeSTRmarkers[2-4],aswellasMitochondrialDNA[5]studiesillustratemigration and geneticdiversity of mongoloids in East and South-EastAsia.Thesestudies,however,donotprovideanyinformationaboutmongoloidmigration and settlement in differentregions of India.Although,severalstudieshavebeencarriedoutongeneticdiversity,phylogeneticrelationship, and thepattern of geneflowamongIndianmongoloidpopulationsbasedonclassicalgeneticmarkers,e.g.Tf,Ge,PGM1loci[6,7],serumproteins and redcellenzymes[8], and a combinedstudybyRoychoudhury and Nei.[9],theyfailtoprovideanyinsightintothehistory of migration and settlement of Mongoloids in India.Similarlythestudywith17polymorphicsystem of thebloodbyBhasinetal.1986providesinformationaboutthegeneticstructure of people of Sikkimtosomeextent. In thisstudyweusedmicrosatelliteDNAmarkerstoaddresstheconsequence of migratoryeventsongeneticstructure of Sikkimpopulationsas,theyaremoreabundant in the44.Nei ... SahaN,BhattacaryyaSP,MukhopadhyayB,BhattacharyyaSK,GuptaR,Basu A: A geneticstudyamongtheLepchas of theDarjeelingarea of easternIndia,HumanHeredity198 7a, 37:113-121.7. SahaN,MukhopadhyayB,BhattacharyyaSK,GuptaR,Basu A: Thedistribution of transferring, group-specific...

... needed. Many patientoutcomes are not only influenced by the performance of individual care providers, but also by the functioning of clinical teams and by broader organizational and finan-cial structures. ... Change of tasks and responsibilities of health professionals, such as increased medical roles to nurses and enlarging the roles of pharmacists.- Multidisciplinary teams: Clinical teams or collaborations ... professional roles, multi-disciplinary teams, use of computers systems, and components of quality management. Continued educa-tion of health professionals and patient education areusually components of...

... progresstowards chronic pain and disability [12].Acute pain gives rise to anxiety about its aetiology and prognosis [11], whereas chronic pain is distressing and may reinforce fears that the cause ... 200 patients initially approached to participate in the study, 158 were eligible to participate and completedthe baseline questionnaires. (Ineligibility was mainly byreason of having pain below ... presence of adverse psycholog-ical factors, such as anxiety, fear or distress/depression,may have the effect of intensifying the perceived severity of pain and may play an important role in progresstowards...

... with large phase IV clinical trials, meta analyses,data base registry validation of ap proaches including quality of life and cost benefit analyses, safety, and head-to-head clinical trials investigating ... syndromes, nausea, vomiting,diarrhea, and life-threatening airway swellings.Untreated airway angioe dema has an associated signifi-cant risk of dying from asphyxia. The first angioedemamay ... to teaching in thefield of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and was well respected as a physician, teacher and colleague. The 2010 Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Dr. David...

... reactivation of humoral autoimmunity after immunoablative therapy, we ana-lyzed the avidity of reappearing ACPA-IgG autoantibodies bydichotomizing patients according to their pre-transplantationACPA-IgG ... immunoablative therapy of ACPA-IgG autoantibodies with low avidityRegeneration after immunoablative therapy of ACPA-IgG autoantibodies with low avidity. (a) Low avidity of antibodies against anti-cyclic citrullinated ... of high avidity ACPA-IgG. The distinctclinical disease course after immunoablative therapy based onlevels and avidity of ACPA-IgG indicates that refractory RA isnot a single disease entity.IntroductionRheumatoid...

... 13AD3.1ND.1AD8.2AD3.2ND.2AD8.1counts / millionATCTGAGTTGGGAGGGTCCCTCTCCAAA TGTGTCTTGGGGTGGGGGATCAAGACACATTTGGAGAGGGAACCTCCCAACTCGGCCTCTGCCATCAT TAGACACATTTGGAGAGGGAACGTCCCTCTCCAAATGTGTCT TG070140210280hsa−mir−64 2a ... combiningseveral levels of regulation. Signaling pathways, such ascAMP and insulin signaling pathways, as well as key tran-scription factors, such as PPARg,C/EBPb and Krüppel-like transcription factors ... inhibition of themiR-30 family, RNA was extracted and analyzed at day 10 of differentiation. (b) For over-expression of pre-miR3 0a and pre-miR-30d,RNA was extracted and analyzed at day 4 of differentiation....

... the past years, the application of new dyessuch as Laurdan and the real-time visualization of proteindynamics during signalling processes have largely corrob-orated the membrane microdomain ... manipulates a variety of transport and signal transduction processes in cells infected by HIV-1. Modulation of cellular transport paths by Nef affectsthe surface presentation of an increasing ... total amount of protein was held constant. ethanol/cholesterol/cyclo-dextrine was added in increasing amounts up to a molarratio of protein to ligand of 1 to 2.Competing interestsThe author(s)...

... received an average of 1,034 kcal/day and 47 g protein/day. An increase of 1,000 cal/day was associated with reduced mortality. Theeffect of increased calories associated with lower mortalitywas ... the increasedrisk of haemorrahge and need for monitoring has sparkedmuch research, and a recent study tested a new directthrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, against warfarin [9]. Connolly and ... Jeejeebhoy K, Day AG, DhaliwalR, Heyland DK: The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of aninternational multicenter observational study....