Introduction to Smart Antennas - Chapter 1 ppsx

... publisher. Introduction to Smart Antennas Constantine A. Balanis, Panayiotis I. Ioannides www.morganclaypool.com ISBN: 15 982 917 69 paperback ISBN: 97 815 982 917 66 paperback ISBN: 15 982 917 77 ebook ISBN: ... referred to as Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), and it is beginning to emerge using Bluetooth TM technology. Bluetooth TM is a short-range, low-power radio link (10 10 0...

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... observations become “full-rank”. The approach of MUSIC, and other subspace-based methods, is to first 82 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS -9 0 -7 5 -6 0 -4 5 -3 0 -1 5 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 (degrees) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 MUSIC ... [14 2] E s   E 1 E 2  =  A 1 () A 1 ()  T (5.28) for some full-rank matrix T ∈ C K×K .SolvingforA 1 () and substituting...

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... L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L Variable Variable L 0.023 L 0.004 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L Variable Variable L 0.023 L 0.004 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 L Variable Variable L 0.023 L 0.004 L 0. 011 L 0. 011 ... (maximum allowable spacing for a well-correlated antenna array) where λ = 1. 5 cm was designed. 19 19 .5 20 20.5 21 -2 5 -2 0 -1 5 -1 0 -5 0 Frequency (GHz) |S 11...

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... (2 .1) 20 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Normalized Frequency (f T) -0 .4 -0 .2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1. 0 Normalized Amplitude FIGURE 2 .11 : OFDM and the orthogonality ... instead FIGURE2.8: Sectorized cellular network employing three sectors, each one covering 12 0 ◦ field of view. 8 INTRODUCTION TO SMART...

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... desired signal. 30 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 b (dB) 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 P b MRC diversity AWGN channel L =1 L=2 L=3L=4 FIGURE 3.6: The MRC diversity ... reuse. These FIGURE 3 .1: Omnidirectional antennas and coverage patterns [4]. ANTENNA ARRAYS AND DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES 27 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 b (...

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... pattern SMART ANTENNAS 67 -1 80 -1 50 -1 20 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 30 60 90 12 0 15 0 18 0 (degrees) -5 0 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 10 Gain (dB) With mutual coupling No mutual coupling FIGURE 4.30: Comparison of array factors ... 1 y 2 y N Beamformer 2 Beamformer N FIGURE 4 .16 : SDMA system block diagram [94, 95]. SMART ANTENNAS 63 -1 80 -1 50 -1 20...

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... gradient vector is a random vector that depends on the input data 90 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS -9 0 -7 5 -6 0 -4 5 -3 0 -1 5 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 (degrees) -6 0 -5 0 -4 0 -3 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 10 20 30 Beampattern ... for B being an n 1 column vector u, C a scalar of unity and D a1× n row vector u T . Then  A + uu T  1 = A 1 − A 1 uu T A...

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... close to being uncorrelated when the interelement distance was about 2λ. SPACE–TIME PROCESSING 13 5 x 1 (t) x i (t) x N (t) z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 z 1 w 1, 0 w 1, 1 w 1, K−2 w 1, K 1 w i,0 w i ,1 w i,K−2 w i,K 1 w N,0 w N ,1 w N,K−2 w N,K 1 Σ y(t) FIGURE ... at night, and the measurement noise was assumed to be very low [29]. 14 8 INTRODUCTION TO...

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... to continual advances in the field, it is expected that the usage of smart antennas will continue to grow. COMMERCIAL AVAILABILITY OF SMART ANTENNAS 15 3 FIGURE 9.3: The use of standard or custom ... the field COMMERCIAL AVAILABILITY OF SMART ANTENNAS 15 1 (a) (b) FIGURE 9 .1: (a) Smart antenna array with 12 elements developed by ArrayComm Inc. and (b) Joint TD-SD Multiple...

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... 5, pp. 16 –25, Oct. 19 96. doi :10 .11 09/98.542234 [10 1] R. G. Vaughan, “On optimum combining at the mobile,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 37, pp. 18 1 18 8, Nov. 19 88. doi :10 .11 09/25. 311 22 [10 2] ... IEEETrans.Signal Process., vol. 49,no. 6,pp. 11 22 11 37, June 20 01. doi :10 .11 09/78.923295 16 8 INTRODUCTION TO SMART ANTENNAS [13 3] T. Svantesson, Antennas and...

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