... levels of norepi-nephrine, may induce an increase in circulating leukocytenumbers. These conditions may occur during the begin-ning of a stress response, very short-duration stress (order of minutes), ... changes in the type1–type 2 cytokine balance.8,9Chronic stress has recentlybeen shown to increase susceptibility to skin cancer bysuppressing type 1 cytokines and protective T cells whileincreasing ... of immunoenhancement. Interestingly, increasing the inten-sity of acute stress produced a significantly largerenhancement of the DTH response, which was accom-panied by increasing magnitudes of leukocyte redeploy-ment....