... of the immunoglobulinsuperfamily which is activated by a variety of proinflammatoryligands, including HMGB1, advanced glycated endproducts,members of S100 proteins, and amyloid beta-peptide ... alarmins is therefore their translocation from the inside to the outside of the cell [1]. During the past decade, studies in both patients and animalmodels have established the alarmin activity of ... differences in the behavior of HMGB1 observedmay reflect the experimental systems used, including the celllines and inducers of apoptosis and necrosis.While these issues require further study, understanding...