... dietary anti-oxidant therapy with thiols suchas S-adenosyl-methionine, N-acetylcysteine, or pro-cysteine may reduce the influences of oxidative stress and/ or redox-sensitive signaling pathways in ... significantlyupregulated in the hearts of transgenic rats. Further, in light of the evolving evidence implicating atrogin-1 and TGFβ1 in the pathophysiology of these muscle derange-ments, our findings ... and GSSG, and Cys and Cyss. HIV-1-related protein expression increased the levels of GSSG (B) and Cyss (E) compared to controls. Surprisingly, GSH levels were markedly increased in plantaris...