ENCYCLOPEDIA O FMATERIALS CHARACTERIZATIONC phần 8 ppsx

... The posrioiization methods are: electron impact ionization, ionization by multiple photon interactions, and ionization by collision with metastable atoms in a plasma. The SNMS methods incorporating ... implantation allows the introduction of a known amount of an element into a solid sample. A sample with a major component composition similar to that of the unknown sample may be implante...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Vapor Phase Decomposition-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Flame Atomic Absorption Auger Electron Spectroscopy ... Loss Spectroscopy High-Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Reflection Electron Energy-Loss Microscopy Low-Energy Electron-Loss Spectr...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... it is becoming widely used to monitor homogeneous surface impurities at concentrations down to 10&apos ;o- lO1' atoms/cm2 for heavy metals and 10'2-10'3 atoms/cm2 for elements ... resolution also should be noted. The spectral resolution of the gratings used to monochromatize synchrotron radiation gets worse as the photon energy gets higher, so the resolution advant...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... is colored, the stage is rotated. Colored, anisotropic materi- als may show pleochroism-a change in color or hue when the orientation with respect to the vibration direction of the polarizer ... elongated, it is oriented 2 o dock -8 o clock, the retardation color is noted, and a compensator is inserted in the slot above the specimen. The retarda- tion colors will go upscale or...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... phonon-assisted photon emission or, more likely, the emission of phonons only. Process 2 produces intrinsic lumi- nescence due to direct recombination between an electron in the conduction ... from contamination sources that would change the mea- sured through-section composition. Ion-beam milling for short times usually removes such films deposited by electropolishing; however, ion-be...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... of fluorometry. In PL of semiconductors, one mon- itors emission from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the valence band. All the properties that can be determined from ... transition from the ground state to an excited state of an atom or molecule, or from the valence band to the conduction band of a semiconductor crystal (electron-hole pair creation). The ......

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... Piream.' HEELS is abso- lutely nondestructive and can be used to obtain information on the chemical com- position, morphology, structure, and phonon modes of the solid surfice. Many polymer ... mine the adatom adsorption site in some cases. For polyatomic molecules, bonding to one or more metal atoms at the surface can not be distinguished in general. Good correlation does exi...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... show tungsten isotope patterns for WO+, WO,', and WO3+. Another type of interference in ICPMS is suppression of the formation of ions from trace constituents when a large amount of ... This is avoided by adding oxygen to the plasma, converting it from a reducing environment to an oxidizing one. Carbon dioxide is formed from the carbon. Other modifications include operating ....

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... information on additional applications is directed to the proceedings of the Ion Beam Analysis Conferences' and those from the International Conferences on the Application of Accelerators ... surface topology maps with depth resolu- tion down to a fraction of an angstrom and lateral resolution down to atomic dimensions. For practical surfaces, however, the instruments are usually o...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... &-Ray) Spectroscopy Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical ... TRXFR VPD-TXRF Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy Molecular Photoelectron Spectroscopy Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Wavelength...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20