ENCYCLOPEDIA O FMATERIALS CHARACTERIZATIONC phần 5 ppsx

... it is becoming widely used to monitor homogeneous surface impurities at concentrations down to 10&apos ;o- lO1' atoms/cm2 for heavy metals and 10'2-10'3 atoms/cm2 for elements ... resolution also should be noted. The spectral resolution of the gratings used to monochromatize synchrotron radiation gets worse as the photon energy gets higher, so the resolution advant...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Vapor Phase Decomposition-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Flame Atomic Absorption Auger Electron Spectroscopy ... Loss Spectroscopy High-Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Reflection Electron Energy-Loss Microscopy Low-Energy Electron-Loss Spectr...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... its ionization potential (in the case of positive ions) or electron affinity (in the case of negative ions). Boron, which has an ionization potential of 8.3 eV, looses an electron much more ... The posrioiization methods are: electron impact ionization, ionization by multiple photon interactions, and ionization by collision with metastable atoms in a plasma. The SNMS methods incorpora...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... is colored, the stage is rotated. Colored, anisotropic materi- als may show pleochroism-a change in color or hue when the orientation with respect to the vibration direction of the polarizer ... microscope. The optical microscope offered the scientist a first look at most samples and could be used to routinely doc- ument the progress of an investigation. As the sophistication of ....

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... phonon-assisted photon emission or, more likely, the emission of phonons only. Process 2 produces intrinsic lumi- nescence due to direct recombination between an electron in the conduction ... bulk or from contamination sources that would change the mea- sured through-section composition. Ion-beam milling for short times usually removes such films deposited by electropolishing; however...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... biochemistry, and medicine, where it is known under the general name of fluorometry. In PL of semiconductors, one mon- itors emission from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of ... transition from the ground state to an excited state of an atom or molecule, or from the valence band to the conduction band of a semiconductor crystal (electron-hole pair creation). The ......

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... Piream.' HEELS is abso- lutely nondestructive and can be used to obtain information on the chemical com- position, morphology, structure, and phonon modes of the solid surfice. Many polymer ... mine the adatom adsorption site in some cases. For polyatomic molecules, bonding to one or more metal atoms at the surface can not be distinguished in general. Good correlation does exi...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... be operated with as little as 2 pL of sample solution. Electrothermal vaporization's can be used for 5- 1 00 pL sample solution vol- umes or for small amounts of some solids. ... Spallation LANSE Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA Spallation NBS National Institute of Standards Reactor and Technology, USA MURR University of Missouri, USA Reactor OWR Lo...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... does not provide information on chemical bonding or microscopic structure. Hence, it is often used in conjunction with other techniques that do provide such information, such as ESCA, optical ... 12.3 MOKE Magneto-optic Kerr Rotation DAVID E. FOWLER Contents Introduction History and Basic Principles Instrumentation Comparison With Other Techniques Conclusions Introduct...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 14:21

... EMISSION SPECTROSCOPIES 5. 0 Introduction 279 5. 1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS 282 5. 2 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy, UPS 300 5. 3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy, AES ... &-Ray) Spectroscopy Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy Electron Spectroscopy for Ch...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 16:20