Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology and Applications - Chapter 14 doc

... alter the physical state or the location of the contaminants. In contrast, biodegradation is the primary process involved in the transformation and mineralization of xenobiotic compounds and, in the latter ... 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (129), 4-ethylbenzoate (141 ), atrazine (130 ,142 ) phenoxyacetic acid (143 ), 3-chlorobenzoate (144 ), 3-phenoxybe- nzoic acid (145 ), and...

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... the years; these include vanilin, indulin, ferrulic acid, and, most importantly, 14 C-labeled synthetic lignins. Various fungal enzymes are involved in lignin degradation, including lignin peroxidase, ... strains and the extrac- tion of enzymes, provide complementary information on enzyme production by emphasi- zing the potential of the living hyphae and the sum of past...

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... Inc. mouswiththermaloptimarelevanttoanorganismdependent(52)onafluxofdissolved compoundsfromenzymesalreadyreleasedandfunctioningoverlongerperiodsinthe environment.Forexample,notetheshiftinthermalactivityoptimaforcold-adaptedprote- asesfrom13°Cto10°Cto8°Casafunctionofincreasingholdingtime(Fig.3).Wealso suggestthatthefurtherexploratorystudyofmicrobialenzymesproducedinenvironments characterizedbys...

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... Inc. ensurestheremovalofHgfromtheenvironmentthroughatmosphericdissipation.Current studiesarenowfocusingonbiologicalreductionandmethylationreactionsasaremedial approachtoimmobilizeHg. A.ReductionofMercury(II) NumerousmicroorganismsavoidHgtoxicitybyreducingionicHg(Hg 2ϩ )tovolatileHg 0 , apotentiallyusefulapplicationtoremoveHgfromHg-contaminatedwater.Thereduction ofHg 2ϩ toHg 0 canbemediatedbya...

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... effective for both L- and D- glutamic acid. The PLP-Cu 2ϩ -smectite has acted as a ‘‘pseudoenzyme’’ wherein the PLP was active and independent of the protein matrix of the enzyme and the silicate structure ... aspartase-Ca-montmoril- lonite systems (159). Deamination of l- and d-glutamic and aspartic amino acids and of their DL racemic mixtures in the presence of Na-...

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... Inc. Currently,itisevidentthatmicroorganismsformcomplexmicrobialfoodwebsin allaquaticecosystems,andthattheiractivitiesandmetabolismsoftenaretightlycoupled and/ ormutuallyaffected(132 ,143 ,144 ).Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatenzymatic propertiesandactivitiesofdifferentcomponentscreatingthemicrobialfoodwebsinlake ecosystemshavedemonstratedcloserelationships.Severalreportshavedocumentedthe st...

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... for chitin-hydrolyzing activity by using MUF-β-d-N, N′-diacetylchitobioside, and chitobiase activity was then assayed in protein extracts prepared from the positive clones. The chi- tinases of marine bacteria ... Inc. Investigationsofextracellularenzymesfrommarineanimalsandenzymesisolatedfrom prokaryotesareconsideredonlyifaclearconnectiontomarineecologyisestablished. Thetermextracellu...

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... Inc. Theresultsshowedlargedifferencesbetweenthe2daysofsamplinginsoilenzyme activities(e.g.,alkalinephosphatase,Fig.2)andavailablesoilnutrients(e.g.,nitrate,Fig. 3).Differenceswerefoundalsobetweenthevariousoilseedrapevarietieswithmostsoil enzymesmeasuredandwiththeavailablesoilnutrients.However,therewaslittlediffer- encebetweentheenzymeactivitiesintherhizosphereoftheGMandnon-GMplants. Themajorf...

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... Inc. directlycontributetoreductionofpathogenviabilityandgrowth.Inaddition,theyhave beenproposedasmediatorsinpathwaysleadingtodefense-relatedgeneexpression(136). ThereleaseofAOSinsomeplant–pathogeninteractionscanresultindamageto thehosttissues.Therefore,mechanismsthatlimitthedurationoftheoxidativeburstand itstoxiceffectsarenecessarytominimizedamagetotheplantitself.Oneofthesemecha- nismsistheac...

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... affecting the efficiency of interaction of the substrate and enzyme molecules. In other words, a portion of the enzyme molecules existing in the field soil may not be actively engaged in catalyzing their ... transforma- tions include the effect of bonding of β-d-glucosidase to a phenolic copolymer of l-tyro- sine, pyrogallol, or resorcinol (108) and of linking of urease to t...

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