Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 11 ppsx

... dose and ICR as functions ofthe other variables, with the @Risk add-on activated. Eachrecalculation of the spreadsheet then produced new random values for IR and BW, and consequently for dose and ... 3.8249 0.1951 11. 4 Further InformationA good starting point for more information is the Risk AssessmentForum home page (United States Environmental Protection Agency,2000). For examples of ... thedistributions for the random variables were based on survey results. For IR the empirical distribution shown in Table 11. 1 is used becausethis gives the correct mean and range.Table 11. 1 Distribution...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 7 ppsx

... n1 is the sample size for the damaged site and n2 is thesample size for the reference site,sp2 = {(n1 - 1)s12 + (n2 - 1)s22}/(n1 + n2 - 2)is the pooled-sample estimate of ... samplevariance for the damaged site, and s22 is the sample variance for the reference site.© 2001 by Chapman & Hall/CRCA consultant has designed and carried out a study that involvedrandomly ... 7.1. The control - mined site differences are alsoshown with their means and sample standard deviations. A conventional approach for analysing these results involves usinga t-test to see whether...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 8 ppsx

... modelyt - "yt-1 = $0(1 - ") + $1(x1t - "x1t-1) + + $p(xpt - "xpt-1) + ,t - ",t-1orzt = ( + $1v1t + + $pvpt + ut,where zt = yt - "yt-1, ... pairwise observations, n i - 1 S = 3 3 sign(xi - xj), (8.14) i = 2 j = 1 where sign(z) is -1 for z < 0, 0 for z = 0, and +1 for z > 0. For a seriesof values in a random order the expected ... autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models combine thefeatures of equations (8.17) and (8.18). Thus a ARMA(p,q) model takesthe formxt = µ + "1(xt-1 - µ) + + "p(xt-p - µ) + $1zt-1...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 10 ppsx

... -0 .428 0.10 -1 .27 <0.25 -3 .05 46 0.61 0.27 0.60 -0 .51 -0 .369 0 .11 -1 .20 <0.25 -2 .93 47 0.62 0.30 0.61 -0 .49 -0 .3010 0.13 -1 .14 <0.25 -2 .81 48 0.63 0.34 0.62 -0 .48 -0 .23 11 0.14 -1 .07 <0.25 ... 0.49 -0 .71 -0 .595 0.06 -1 .54 <0.25 -3 .52 43 0.57 0.17 0.51 -0 .67 -0 .536 0.07 -1 .44 <0.25 -3 .34 44 0.58 0.20 0.51 -0 .67 -0 .487 0.09 -1 .35 <0.25 -3 .19 45 0.59 0.24 0.54 -0 .62 -0 .428 ... 0.01 -2 .40 <0.25 -5 .01 39 0.51 0.03 0.47 -0 .76 -0 .772 0.02 -2 .02 <0.25 -4 .36 40 0.53 0.07 0.48 -0 .73 -0 .713 0.03 -1 .81 <0.25 -3 .99 41 0.54 0.10 0.48 -0 .73 -0 .654 0.05 -1 .66 <0.25 -3 .73...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 1 ppt

... Survival StandardDate Released Estimate Error16-Apr 118 9 0.688 0.02717-Apr 119 6 0.666 0.02818-Apr 119 4 0.634 0.02721-Apr 119 0 0.690 0.04023-Apr 776 0.606 0.04726-Apr 1032 0.630 0.04829-Apr ... Data10.6 Chapter Summary 11 Monte Carlo Risk Assessment 11. 1 Introduction 11. 2 Principles for Monte Carlo Risk Assessment 11. 3 Risk Analysis Using a Spreadsheet Add-On 11. 4 Further Information 11. 5 Chapter ... 2001 by Chapman & Hall/CRC CHAPTER 1 The Role of Statistics in Environmental Science 1.1 IntroductionIn this chapter the role of statistics in environmental science isconsidered by examining...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 2 ppt

... 4 4.32 4.23 -0 .0772 5 4.97 4.74 -0 .2153 6 4.58 4.55 -0 .0164 8 4.72 4.81 0.1045 9 4.53 4.70 0.1846 10 4.96 5.35 0.4057 11 5.31 5.14 -0 .1548 12 5.42 5.15 -0 .2549 17 4.87 4.76 -0 .09510 18 ... appropriate protocols and procedures for establishing data quality objectives (DQO) and quality control and assurance (QC/QA).Stratified random sampling is sometimes useful for ensuring thatthe ... s² = { 3 (yi - y)²}/(n - 1), (2.2) i =1 and the sample standard deviation is s, the square root of thevariance. Equations (2.1) and (2.2) are the same as equations (A1) and (A2), respectively,...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 3 potx

... SSBC (J - 1)(K - 1) MSBC = SSBC/{(J - 1)(K - 1)} MSBC/MSEABC Interaction SSABC (I - 1)(J - 1)(K - 1) MSABC = SSABC/{(I - 1)(J - 1)(K - 1)} MSABC/MSEError SSE IJK(m - 1) MSE = SSE/{IJK(m - 1)}Total ... MSB/MSEFactor C SSC K - 1 MSC = SSC/(K - 1) MSC/MSEAB Interaction SSAB (I - 1)(J - 1) MSAB = SSAB/{(I - 1)((J - 1)} MSAB/MSEAC Interaction SSAC (I - 1)(K - 1) MSAC = SSAC/{(I - 1)(K - 1)} MSAC/MSEBC ... SSA I - 1 MSA = SSA/(I - 1) MSA/MSEFactor B SSB J - 1 MSB = SSB/(J - 1) MSB/MSEInteraction SSAB (I - 1)(J - 1) MSAB =SSAB/{(I - 1)(J - 1)}MSAB/MSEError SSE IJ(m - 1) MSE =SSE/{IJ(m - 1)}Total...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 5 pps

... (x1j - x 1) + (x2j - x 2) + + (x ij - x i), (5.3) for j from 1 to m and i from 1 to n, and plotting the Sij values against i, for each of the m sample times.The CUSUM chart for time ... plots for 1976, 1977, 1978 and 1981 compared to the mean for all years. The horizontal axis corresponds to lakesin the order of mean pH values for the four years. For each plot the upper and lower ... Control charts for pH levels in rivers in the South Island of NewZealand. For a process that is stable, about 1 in 40 points should plotoutside one of the warning limits (LWL and UWL) and only about...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 6 pdf

... called a control-treatment paired (CTP) design (Skalski and Robson, 1992, Chapter 6),or a before-after-control-impact-pairs (BACIP) design (Stewart-Oatenet al., 1986). Sometimes information is ... Difference1 0.40 0.37 -0 .032 0.37 0.14 -0 .233 0.56 0.40 -0 .164 0.63 0.50 -0 .13Start of Impact5 0.33 0.26 -0 .076 0.45 0.22 -0 .23Mean DifferenceBefore -0 .138After -0 .150Figure 6.3 Results ... Table 6.2, and plotted on Figure6.3. The mean difference (impact - control) for times 1 to 4 before theaerial drop is -0 .138. The mean difference after the drop for times 5 and 6 is -0 .150, which...

Statistics for Environmental Science and Management - Chapter 12 pptx

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