Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 10 pot

... 11 afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pres- sure) enables the end-systolic volume to de- crease slightly, but not enough to overcome the decline in end-diastolic volume. Therefore, the net effect ... be- cause of the large stroke volume ejected into the aorta. As long as the ventricle is not in fail- ure, normal end-systolic volumes can be sus- tained; however, the end...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... reflex. Mechano- receptor Mechano- receptor Mechano- receptor Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor 2 Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor Nociceptor Nociceptor Various Proprio- ceptor Proprio- ceptor, Chemo- receptor Thermo- receptor Thermo- receptor Internal Carotids ... baroreceptors) enter the medulla at the nucleus trac- tus solitarius (NTS), which projects inhibitory interneuron...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... through the capillary loops and the venous plexus. In addi- tion to sympathetic neural control, the resis- tance vessels and AV anastomoses are very sensitive to ␣-adrenoceptor-mediated vaso- constriction ... muscle, the muscle cells adjacent to the capillary take up the oxygen for use by the mitochondria. Consequently, little oxygen dif- fuses all the way through one ce...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... required to switch over to anaerobic gly- colysis for the production of ATP. Acidosis stimulates peripheral and central chemore- ceptors, leading to increased sympathetic ac- tivity to the systemic ... shock. The following discussion specifically ad- dresses compensatory mechanisms in hy- potension caused by hemorrhage-induced hy- povolemia. The baroreceptor reflex is the firs...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... causes the end-diastolic pressure- volume curve to shift up and to the left, as shown in Figure 4-2 7. This shift will reduce the end-diastolic volume and increase the end-diastolic pressure at the ... of the tissue. The elastic modulus of a tissue is re- lated to the ability of a tissue to resist defor- mation; therefore, the higher the elastic mod- ulus, the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ENDOTHELIN-1 Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is synthesized from an endothelin precursor (big ET-1 or pro-ET-1) and cleaved to ET-1 by endothelin convert- ing enzyme (ECE) found on the endothelial cell ... are the same in the pre- and post- stenotic segments). Therefore, KE is the same in the post- and pre-stenotic segments. There is, however, an additional loss of PE...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... 12 afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pres- sure) enables the end-systolic volume to de- crease slightly, but not enough to overcome the decline in end-diastolic volume. Therefore, the net effect ... vein into the right atrium, passed into the right ventricle, then positioned within a branch of the pulmonary artery. There is one opening (port) at the tip of the cath...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... gradient, to enter the cell. As the m-gates open, the h-gates begin to close; however, the m-gates open more rapidly than the h-gates close. The difference in the opening and closing rates of the two ... (°K). The equilibrium potential is the potential dif- ference across the membrane required to maintain the concentration gradient across the membrane. In other...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... and calcium, across the cell membrane and by the relative conductances of the membrane to these ions. • The resting membrane potential is very close to the potassium equilibrium poten- tial (calculated ... heading di- rectly toward the positive electrode, gives the greatest positive deflection. As the vector moves around the axis to the left, and therefore moves away...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20