Dictionary of Material Science and High Energy Physics Part 8 pps

... reduction of the tem- perature of atoms in the gas or bulk phase by means of laser radiation. Most often the cool- ing is associated with a reduction in the speed of the atoms and a narrowing of their ... broad- ening of the distribution. (2) A descriptionof the distributionof speeds present in a collection ofgasmolecules. A com- bination ofthe statisticalargumentsproposed by Ja...

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... shift). energy spectrum The set of energy eigen- states of a physical system. The set of possible outcomes of a measurement of the energy; also known as the set of allowed energies. energy- time ... closely spaced points and not on the path between them. exchange energy Part of the energy of a system of many electrons (or any other type of fermion) that depen...

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... the number of particles in a state of energy E s . grand unification Physics attempts to ex- plain natural phenomenon in terms of a set of fundamental axioms. It is the general goal of physics to ... wave- length, g 1 and g 2 are degeneracies of lower and excited states, N 1 and N 2 are the number of atoms in the lower and excited states, ν and ν o are field and...

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... kinetic energy of a particle and produces a signal that is proportional to the ab- sorbed energy. The system of deposition of en- ergy depends on the kind of detected particles. High energy photons ... pictures similar to those of constituent particles. Landau’s theory of liq- uid 4 He postulated quasi-particles of phonons and rotons, which carry energy and moment...

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... VOLUMES Dictionary of Pure and Applied Physics Dipak Basu Dictionary of Material Science and High Energy Physics Dipak Basu Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy Richard A. Matzner © 2001 by ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dictionary of Material Science and High Energy Physics / edited by Dipak Basu. p. cm. ISBN 0 -84 93- 288...

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... theorem is of great value in understanding magnetic ions in crystals. degeneracy, lifting of, or removal of Slight inequality of energy of a group of quantum states due to the presence of a perturbation, ... in particle-antiparticle pairs, bosons can be created and destroyed singly. bounce frequency The average frequency of oscillation of a particle trapped in a magnetic...

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... conservation of energy and momentum. density of modes The number of modes of the radiation field in an energy range dE. The density of modes is a function of the boundary conditions ofthe spaceunder ... represents a degree of freedom of the distribution. (2) The number of independent coordinates needed for the description of the microscopic state of a system is call...

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... are made of heterojunctions. A het- erojunction is made of layers of two different types of materials which are doped by p and n types of atoms. For example, layers of n and p type GaAs and AlGaAs ... exists. impurity band An energy level caused by the presence of impurity atoms. incident energy The energy of the incoming particle in a collision process. incident fl...

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... in a flow field. kinetic energy A form of energy associated with motion. Every moving particle has kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of a non-relativistic particle with mass m and speed v is equal ... = m 1 m 2 m 1 +m 2 is the reduced mass for particles of mass m 1 and m 2 , and r = r 1 − r 2 are the relative position vectors of particles 1 and 2. Suitable sets of cent...

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... plane of polarization of incoming light. The molecules of these materials (crystals and com- pounds) have asymmetric molecular structures. Themoleculescanexistinleft-andright-handed forms. Particular ... density of oc- cupation in energy. The term f (ε)g(ε) plotted as a function of energy, ε, represents the total number of particles in the system. occupationnumber Thenumberof...

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