... proliferative ability in anuncommitted state while retaining the potential todifferentiate along various lineages of mesenchymal origin,including chondrocyte, osteoblast, and adipocyte lineages, in response ... immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions that have been demonstratedboth in vitro and in vivo. Due to the scarcity of MSCs,especially the apparent decrease in quantity and quality withage and diseases, ... macrophages, and FLSs to produce inflammatory mediators, including IL-1,TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6, and secrete MMPs, leading to the systemic inflammation that eventually results in jointdestruction [78,80]....