EARTH AS AN EVOLVING PLANETARY SYSTEM Part 10 doc

... 385–388 Earth systems, 1–11 Earth as planetary system, 1–3 interacting, 9–11 plate tectonics, 5–8 structure of Earth, 3–5 supercontinents, and mantle plumes, 327–331 uniqueness of Earth, 8–9 Earth s ... 546–549. Irifune, T., and Ringwood, A. E., 1993. Phase transforma- tions in subducted oceanic crust and buoyancy relationships at depths of 600–800 km in the mantle. Earth Planet...

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... continental areas. Back-Arc Basins Back-arc basins are segments of oceanic crust between island arcs (such as the Philippine Sea) or between island arcs and continents (such as the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk). ... Mantle-Plume Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Contents xiii 1 Earth Systems Earth as a Planetary System A system is an entity composed of...

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... Pangea. Laurentia, which is also part of Pangea, includes most of North America, Scotland and Ireland north of the Caledonian suture, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and the Chukotsk Peninsula of eastern ... seafloor, and some, such as the Seychelles Bank in the Indian Ocean (Fig. 3.7), rise above sea level. Some have granitic basement (such as the Seychelles Bank, the Lord Howe Rise north of N...

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... zones are sutures and which are not. Foreland and Hinterland Basins Peripheral foreland and hinterland basins are like retroarc foreland basins in terms of sed- iment provenance and tectonic evolution. ... alluvial fans also may be deposited in foreland basins. The Himalayas As an example of a young collisional mountain range, none can surpass the High Himalayas. The Himalayan story began...

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... whereas midocean-ridge basalts (MORB) generally has R/R A values of 7 to 9 (Hanan and Graham, 1996). In some Pacific MORB, R/R A values increase with increasing 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios, whereas ... buoyant mass of material in the mantle that, because of its buoy- ancy, rises. The existence of mantle plumes in the Earth was first suggested by Wilson (1963) as an explanation of oceanic-isl...

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... glacia- tion decreasing with time: the Nebraskan (1.46–1.3 Ma), Kansan (0.9–0.7 Ma), Illinoian (550,000–400,000 years ago), and Wisconsin (80,000 10, 000 years ago). Each glaciation lasted 100 ,000 to ... Oceans PRECAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN 500 400 300 GEOLOGIC TIME (Ma) 200 100 0 LONG –TERM CHANGES SHORT–TERM CHANGES RISING FALLING RISING FALLING 300 200 100 0 100 −2...

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... about 530 Ma, land plants 470 Ma, vascular plants 410 Ma, amphibians 370 Ma, reptiles and the amniote egg about 330 Ma, insects 310 Ma, mammals 215 Ma, flowering plants 210 Ma, and man about 4 Ma ... that many nonvolatile elements such as U, Th, and rare earth elements (REEs), which are Earth s Primitive Crust 267 Major Archean Cratons Stanovoy Aldan Omolon Ladoga Anshan Pilbara Shaba...

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... Whereas most of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and the Americas formed in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, much of Eurasia formed in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic and the Phanerozoic. Secular Changes ... separate terranes with unique stratigraphy and deformational histories (Van Kranendonk et al., 2002): an eastern terrane (3.72–2.85 Ga), a western terrane (3.27–2.92 Ga), and the Kuranna te...

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... plume volcanism. Except for the Siberian and Emeishan Traps in eastern Asia, all major flood basalt provinces in the last 200 My are associated with the opening a new ocean basin (Coffin and Eldholm, ... oceanic volcanism has not yet begun in the Afar depression. The time between the onset of flood basalt eruption and the production of oceanic crust ranges from less than 5 My in the Parana an...

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... still occurring on the Earth as ocean-ridge basalts and oceanic plateaus are produced. At least on the Earth and Venus, where substantial heat was available, early crust and lithosphere were rapidly ... water) and dry mantle solidi. planetary cores followed by the accretion of gaseous components to about 15 Earth masses and then by rapid accretion of H 2 and He. In the case of Jupit...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20