EARTH AS AN EVOLVING PLANETARY SYSTEM Part 9 ppsx

... (Taylor, 199 9). Stars form by contraction of gaseous nebulae and planets and other bodies form by condensation and accretion as nebulae cool (Hartmann, 198 3). Dust around main sequence stars, such as ... as ocean-ridge basalts and oceanic plateaus are produced. At least on the Earth and Venus, where substantial heat was available, early crust and lithosphere were rapidly recycled in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... (Jacobs, 199 2; Glatzmaier, 2002). (±sediments) that has been recycled back into the mantle (Hart et al., 199 2; Hauri et al., 199 4) and metasomatized lower mantle (Kamber and Collerson, 199 9). Also, ... investigators that the mantle beneath 1700 km may be convectively isolated from the upper part of the mantle (van der Hilst and Karason, 199 9; Kaneshima and Helffrich, 199 9). The D′′ L...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... 350 Contents xiii 1 Earth Systems Earth as a Planetary System A system is an entity composed of diverse but interrelated parts that function as a whole (Kump et al., 199 9a). The individual parts, often ... continental areas. Back-Arc Basins Back-arc basins are segments of oceanic crust between island arcs (such as the Philippine Sea) or between island arcs and continents (s...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... distri- butions in ocean-ridge basalts and ophiolites. Primitive mantle values from Sun and McDonough ( 198 9), and other data from Bednarz and Schmincke ( 199 4) and Alabaster et al. ( 198 2). (a) (b) (c) Arc Former ... Dallmeyer and Brown ( 199 2), Mezger et. al. ( 199 1) and Kontak and Reynolds ( 199 4). 3 Tectonic Settings Introduction Rock assemblages that form in modern plate tectonic...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... lithosphere, and in many instances, an active ocean ridge enlarging the size of the basin (Jolivet et al., 198 9; Fryer, 199 6). Sediments are varied depending on basin size and nearness to an arc. ... zones are sutures and which are not. Foreland and Hinterland Basins Peripheral foreland and hinterland basins are like retroarc foreland basins in terms of sed- iment provenance and tectoni...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... highs and lows, and (4) the supercontinent insulation of the mantle (Gurnis, 199 3; Eriksson, 199 9). One of the most important causes of long-term sea level change is the volume of ocean-ridge systems. ... Sun was 25 to 30% less luminous than it is today and that its luminosity has increased with time in an approximately linear manner (Kasting, 198 7). The paradox associated with this lum...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... L., and MacLeod, K. G. (eds.), 199 9. Warm Climates in Earth History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 480 pp. Kasting, J. F., 199 3. Earth s early atmosphere. Science, 2 59: 92 0 92 6. Wigley, ... Phanerozoic (McLaren and Goodfellow, 199 0). Mass extinction episodes affect a variety of organ- isms, marine and terrestrial, stationary and swimming, carnivores and herbivores, prot...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... greenstones have mantle-plume affinities (Condie, 199 4; Kerrich et al., 199 9; Polat et al., 199 9; Hollings and Kerrich, 199 9; Tomlinson and Condie, 2001). In contrast, about 80% of early Archean (>3.0 ... terranes with unique stratigraphy and deformational histories (Van Kranendonk et al., 2002): an eastern terrane (3.72–2.85 Ga), a western terrane (3.27–2 .92 Ga), and the Kuranna te...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... δ 13 C anomalies in marine carbonates (Fig. 6 .9) , which reflect enhanced burial rates of carbon (Karhu and Holland, 199 6; Des Marais, 199 7; Kaufman, 199 7). The appearance of multicellular organisms ... and Kasting ( 199 3) and Hofmann ( 199 8). As explained earlier, a mantle-plume event can supply both of these requirements: directly by the hydrothermal spring input of methane into th...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... 396 –401 capture models, 399 double-planet models, 398 – 399 fission models, 397 – 398 giant impactor model, 399 –401 multicellular organisms, neoproterozoic, 241–243 Nb/U and Nb/Th ratios, 2 89 290 nebula, ... 45– 49. Zhang, Y. S., and Tanimoto, T., 199 3. High-resolution global upper mantle structure and plate tectonics. J. Geophys. Res., 98 : 97 93 98 23. Zhao, D., Akira, H., and Ho...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20