EARTH AS AN EVOLVING PLANETARY SYSTEM Part 7 pptx

... separate terranes with unique stratigraphy and deformational histories (Van Kranendonk et al., 2002): an eastern terrane (3 .72 –2.85 Ga), a western terrane (3. 27 2.92 Ga), and the Kuranna terrane (≤3.29 ... Whereas most of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and the Americas formed in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, much of Eurasia formed in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic and the Phanerozoic....

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... continental areas. Back-Arc Basins Back-arc basins are segments of oceanic crust between island arcs (such as the Philippine Sea) or between island arcs and continents (such as the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk). ... Mantle-Plume Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Contents xiii 1 Earth Systems Earth as a Planetary System A system is an entity composed of...

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... seafloor, and some, such as the Seychelles Bank in the Indian Ocean (Fig. 3 .7) , rise above sea level. Some have granitic basement (such as the Seychelles Bank, the Lord Howe Rise north of New Zealand, ... Pangea. Laurentia, which is also part of Pangea, includes most of North America, Scotland and Ireland north of the Caledonian suture, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and the Chukotsk Peninsu...

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... Hinterland Basins Peripheral foreland and hinterland basins are like retroarc foreland basins in terms of sed- iment provenance and tectonic evolution. Major peripheral foreland and hinterland basins developed ... 27 13.8 Ba 7. 0 17 25 1.4 Th 0.085 0.22 0. 27 0.018 U 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.003 Zr 11.2 8.0 7. 3 9.4 Hf 0.31 0. 17 0. 17 0.26 Nb 0 .71 2 .7 1.9 0.33 Ta 0.04 0.23 0.10 0.014 Y 4.6...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... oceanic and continental areas (Fig. 4.18). Some occur on or near ocean ridges, such as Iceland, St. Helena, and Tristan in the Atlantic basin, and others occur near the centers of plates (such as ... whereas midocean-ridge basalts (MORB) generally has R/R A values of 7 to 9 (Hanan and Graham, 1996). In some Pacific MORB, R/R A values increase with increasing 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios, wher...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... volcanic gases 178 The Atmosphere and Oceans may have caused average ocean salinity to drop significantly during the Triassic and Jurassic. Evaporite deposition has been sharply episodic, and ... Sun was 25 to 30% less luminous than it is today and that its luminosity has increased with time in an approximately linear manner (Kasting, 19 87) . The paradox associated with this luminosity ch...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... that many nonvolatile elements such as U, Th, and rare earth elements (REEs), which are Earth s Primitive Crust 2 67 Major Archean Cratons Stanovoy Aldan Omolon Ladoga Anshan Pilbara Shabani Barberton Sao Francisco Univak Acasta Wyoming Minnesota EnderbyLand Rocks ... about 530 Ma, land plants 470 Ma, vascular plants 410 Ma, amphibians 370 Ma, reptiles and the amniote egg about 330 Ma,...

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... Cz Superchrons Breakup Laurasia Pangea assembly Breakup Pangea Delta 13 C Seawater 4 3 2 1 0 −1 Mantle plume events δ 13 C 87 Sr/ 86 S 0 .71 0 0 .70 9 0 .70 8 0 .70 7 0 .70 6 1.0 87 Sr/ 86 Sr Seawater Age (Ma) occur simultaneously ... plume volcanism. Except for the Siberian and Emeishan Traps in eastern Asia, all major flood basalt provinces in the last 200 My are associated with the ope...

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... still occurring on the Earth as ocean-ridge basalts and oceanic plateaus are produced. At least on the Earth and Venus, where substantial heat was available, early crust and lithosphere were rapidly ... water) and dry mantle solidi. planetary cores followed by the accretion of gaseous components to about 15 Earth masses and then by rapid accretion of H 2 and He. In the case of Jupit...

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... 93–95 tectonic settings, 59–114 arc systems, 78 –90 continental rifts, 74 77 cratons and passive margins, 77 78 mineral and energy deposits, 1 07 112 ocean ridges, 60–66 orogens, 90– 97 plate tectonics with ... origin, 275 – 277 Earth s oldest rocks and minerals, 270 – 275 Earth s primitive crust, 266– 270 Earth s thermal history, 265–266 evolution of crust-mantle system, 310–313 h...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20