... defined the second to be the time ittakes the cesium 133 atom to make exactly 9,192,631 ,77 0 transitions. The choiceof 9,192,631 ,77 0 was made to make the atomic second equal to the mean solar second ... anything to do with papal decrees and did notaccept the Gregorian calendar for 170 years.Figure 6-3. TAl seconds are of constant length, unlike solar seconds. Leapseconds are introduced when necessary ... divided by 9,192,631 ,77 0.Although TAl is highly stable and available to anyone who wants to go to thetrouble of buying a cesium clock, there is a serious problem with it; 86,400 TAlseconds is now...