... example Fisher and Pry, 197 1; Mansfield, 196 1, 196 3, 196 8; Marchetti, 197 9, 198 0, 198 8; Marchetti et al., 199 5, 199 6;Marchetti, 2002; Metcalfe, 197 0; Modis, 199 2; Nakicenovic and Grübler, 199 1). Some ... David ( 197 5), Davies ( 197 9), Metcalfe ( 198 1, 199 4), and Stoneman ( 198 3) proposed modified models, to, for example,explain the correlation between demand and supply in the economy.Hirooka and Hagiwara( 199 2)extensively ... systemMIS Management information system Firm computerIBM360IBM1401Date systemsIDP, ADP646050DDS706874 94 90 8583 194 0 50 60 70 80 90 2000 10 20 3071 89 90 93 94 96 98 i-mode mobilePOS...