... hidden dynamic models can bebroadly classified into•articulatory dynamic model (e.g., [46 ,54 ,58 ,59 ,78,79,103,104]);•task -dynamic model (e.g., [1 05, 106]);•vocal tract resonance (VTR) dynamic ... acoustic dynamic models, the hidden dynamic models representspeechstructure by the hidden dynamic variables. Depending on the nature of these dynamic variablesin light of multilevel speech dynamics ... call hidden dynamic models. A hidden dynamic model exploits an intermediate levelof speech dynamics, functionally representing a combined system for speech motor control,task dynamics, and articulatory...