Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 9 ppt

... Ocean–land interface: coastsCoasts are dynamic interfaces between land and sea whereenergy is continuously being transferred by the action oftraveling waves, including the tide. This incoming ... “core”layer, and a basal boundary layer dominated byupwelling, downwelling, or intruding ocean currents(Fig. 6.34). Winter wind systems assume an overridingdominance on most shelves, causing net ... surface, and subsurface massOuter Earth processes and systems 2 79 RainfallPeakRecessionlimbBase flow separationRisinglimbBasin lag is time between onset rainfall and peakDischarge or intensityTimeStormrunoffBase...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 2 ppt

... any surface, equal in all possible directions 98 0 99 0 98 010001010 98 01020 98 01020 98 01020 98 01030 98 01000 98 01020 98 01010 98 0 99 0AzoreshighHighHighHighIcelandlowLowNote highpressuregradients ... Making use of this expres-sion we can easily calculate the approximate rotationalinertia and angular momentum of Earth (ignoring itsinternal density layering) or of a spinning sand grain(Fig. ... is set up; in the ascent of moltenmagma that is losing pressure and exsolving gas in bubbles, and so on. The example of colliding solid bodiessuch as sand grains violently impacting on a desert...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 5 pptx

... mass in a container of equal-sized grainscontaining one larger grain. The vibrations induce inter-granular collisions and a pattern of advection within thecontainer, with the smaller grains ... knowledge, dealing with fracture or rockmechanics is very important in many applied ﬁelds, as in civil engineering, mining, and hazard controls (rock and soil stability in slopes, both natural and constructed). ... ﬂow. The trick in understand-ing the dynamics of such ﬂows therefore involvesunderstanding the means by which sediment suspension isreached and then maintained during downslope ﬂow and deposition....

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 1 pdf

... important physical principles;4 gives specially drawn and collated ﬁgures containing most physical explanation bygraphs, formulae, and physical law. In our general introduction, “Planet Earth and Earth ... Earth Interior Processes and Systems.” The physical processes at work in the atmosphere, ocean, and land form the basis for theﬁnal Chapter 6, Earth Exterior Processes and Systems.” In both ... natural physical world. In Chapter 2we introduce the fundamental principles of “States and Motion,” giving examplesfrom the environmental and Earth sciences wherever possible. Chapter 3, “Forces and Dynamics,”...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 3 pot

... like Earth. Viewed from the North Polar rotation axis(Figs 3.38 and 3. 39) Earth spins anticlockwise, with eachsuccessive latitude band, ␾, increasing in angular velocitypoleward by ⍀ sin ␾. Since ... 29 in Fig. 3.69e).To represent and calculate the shear and normal compo-nents of any traction acting over a surface inclined at angle␪, we have to draw a radius forming an angle 2␪ starting ... varies linearly and continuously with time and is irreversibleShear stress and rate of strain are linearly related by the viscosity coefficient; zero stress gives zero strain and any finite...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 4 pdf

... Interface-spreadingundercutting current jetAmbient liquid NA NA Degassing bubbles in Sinking plume Neutral Rising plumemagma or lava Bottom-spreading stability Spreading jet and undercutting wall jet4.2 ... zero,there is no shear strain, which coincides with the directionsof the principal strain axis. In homogeneous strain of pureForces and dynamics 91 and so the strain is noncoaxial. The orientation ... Karmanvortices. In multi-particle settling the ﬂuid streamlines ofindividual grains interact. Increased drag results in adecrease of fall velocity (Box 4.1).4.7.3 Bubble motion and mutual particle interactionsThe...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 6 pot

... all hinge points and the in ection linejoining all the in ection points (b) and (c). Cylindrical folds, as in (a) and (b), have a fold axis which is any line parallel to the hinge line ofconstant ... folds (the hinge line isalways horizontal) and ﬁnally, folds having inclined axialsurfaces are called steeply, moderately, or gently inclinedfolds depending on the inclination. Inclined folds ... plateboundary and a magmatic arc in both intra-oceanic and continental active margins. Thrust faulting results in crustal shortening and thickening (Fig. 4.100c, d). Thrust and fold belts are limited in...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 7 pps

... ions and also join to aluminum ions in linked rings. The linked groups are said to be in a state ofpolymerization and are a feature of silicate melts. It is thecontinuous, polymer-like, linkage ... reduction in viscosity and melting temperature. Also, water has a corrosive effect onSi–O bonds and has a key role in lowering rock meltingpoints (and thus a major role in determining the rheologyof ... shearmixing in Kelvin–Helmholz vortices (Section 4 .9) and byupward linear expansion. Plume buoyancy is due to thermalenergy exchange between entrained hot particulates, exsolv-ing and expanding...

Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 8 doc

... (Blackwell, 199 6) and in E.M. Moores and R.J. Twiss’s Tectonics (Freeman &Company, 199 5). The bible for advanced solid Earth studiesof melting, stress, strain, and general dynamics from the pointof ... turbulent mixing and therefore cooling due tomomentum and heat transport in the dynamic models. In addition to their obvious role in increasing windshear and forward momentum transport in associatedwaves, ... understandenergy changes in ascending or descending air masses.Such motions dominate heat exchange in the tropics and Outer Earth processes and systems 241 90 oS60oS30oS0o30oN60oN90oNHeight,...

.New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences Phần 3 ppt

... starting from seismic data (Vinnik and Saip-bekova, 198 4; Makeyeva, 199 2; Roecker et al., 199 3;Vinnik et al., 2006) and ending by gravity-ﬂexuralanalysis (Burov et al., 199 0, 199 3; Avouac and ... Apennine and Dinaride foredeep basins. Tectonics 13, 278–302 ( 199 4)Lankreijer, A.C., 199 8. Rheology and basement control onextensional basin evolution in Central and Eastern Europe:Variscan and ... surface processes and ﬂow in the lower crust could provide analternative and more general explanation (Avouac and Burov, 199 6; Burov and Cloetingh, 199 7).To explain the paradox of long-term mountain...

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