Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences Phần 7 pps

... Laminar flow, 11 1 4.5 Turbulent flow, 11 3 4.6 Stratified flow, 11 7 4.7 Particle settling, 11 9 4.8 Particle transport by flows, 12 1 4.9 Waves and liquids, 12 5 4 .10 Transport by waves, 13 1 4 .11 Granular ... flow, 13 3 4 .12 Turbidity flows, 13 8 4 .13 Flow through porous and granular solids, 14 2 4 .14 Fractures, 14 4 4 .15 Faults, 15 6 4 .16 Solid bending, buckling, and fol...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... as Fig. 2. 21 Continuity of volume: constant density case in 1D. a = area a 2 > a 1 r = constant u 1 u 2 a 1 a 2 Q 1 Q 2 Q 1 = Q 2 = a 1 u 1 = a 2 u 2 u 1 > u 2 Fig. 2. 22 Continuity ... variable density case in 1D. a = area a 2 > a 1 u 1 u 2 a 1 a 2 r 1 r 2 m 2 m 1 r = variable m 1 = m 2 = a 1 r 1 u 1 = a 2 r 2 u 2 LEED-Ch- 02. qxd 11 /2...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... (Section 3. 8). 3. 13. 4 The stress ellipse, the stress ellipsoid, and the principal stresses The whole family of tractions acting over a certain point define an ellipse in 2D and an ellipsoid in 3D. In ... North Polar rotation axis (Figs 3. 38 and 3. 39) Earth spins anticlockwise, with each successive latitude band, ␾, increasing in angular velocity poleward by ⍀ sin ␾. S...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... experimental turbulent flows (Figs 4. 12 and 4. 13). 4. 4 Laminar flow Laminar flow is rare in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, but the unseen laminar flow of mantle and lower crust turns over a far greater ... coaxial tubes (Fig. 4. 14) . In all cases the Reynolds number is small and thus viscous forces predominate over inertia forces and prevent 3D particle mixing. In a stead...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... knowledge, dealing with fracture or rock mechanics is very important in many applied fields, as in civil engineering, mining, and hazard controls (rock and soil stability in slopes, both natural and constructed). ... situation in Nature. A further intriguing complication is demonstrated by a vibrated granular mass in a container of equal-sized grains containing one larger grain...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... all hinge points and the in ection line joining all the in ection points (b) and (c). Cylindrical folds, as in (a) and (b), have a fold axis which is any line parallel to the hinge line of constant ... layers. Inflexion line Hinge line Hinge line Axial surface Axial surfaces (a) (b) (c) Fig. 4.1 16 Geometric elements of a fold in a folded surface in 3D. (a) The hinge line is de...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... ions and also join to aluminum ions in linked rings. The linked groups are said to be in a state of polymerization and are a feature of silicate melts. It is the continuous, polymer-like, linkage ... bonds and has a key role in lowering rock melting points (and thus a major role in determining the rheology of the lithosphere). The logical extreme of these trends is pure Si–O me...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... 11 388 146 12 SA 41 20 13 305 87 5 PAC* 1 08 0 80 499 152 124 ANT 59 15 17 356 2 08 0 IND * 60 15 61 420 124 91 AF 79 31 6 4 18 230 10 EUR 69 51 7 421 90 0 NAZ* 15 0 76 187 76 53 COC* 3 0 86 88 40 ... turbulent mixing and therefore cooling due to momentum and heat transport in the dynamic models. In addition to their obvious role in increasing wind shear and forward momentu...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... Ocean–land interface: coasts Coasts are dynamic interfaces between land and sea where energy is continuously being transferred by the action of traveling waves, including the tide. This incoming ... “core” layer, and a basal boundary layer dominated by upwelling, downwelling, or intruding ocean currents (Fig. 6.34). Winter wind systems assume an overriding dominance on most shelves, causi...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 13:20

... press. Dobrzhinetskaya L.F. and Wirth R., 20 09, Integrated geo- sciences: from atomic scale to mountain buildings, in Cloet- ingh S. and Negendank J. (Eds), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, ... Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481 -27 37-5 _2, â Springer Science+Business Media B...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... “non-volcanic 2 87 S. Cloetingh, J. Negendank (eds.), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10.10 07/ 978 -90-481- 273 7-5_8, â Springer Science+Business Media ... summary for the July 16, 20 07 earthquake in Japan. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews /20 07/ us2007ewac/ Vinnik L.P., 1989. The origin of strong int...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... from the Ashikule Basin (AKB) in northwest- ern Tibet, in order to gain insight into the origin of the magmas produced in this continental collision setting. The basin contains several silicic ... K. Chao (20 08) , Non-volcanic tremor beneath the Central Range in Taiwan triggered by the 2001 MW7 .8 Kunlun earthquake, Geophys. J. Int., 175, 82 5 82 9, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.20 08. 0...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... importance in geodesy, since Earth rotation, polar motion and crustal 3 49 S. Cloetingh, J. Negendank (eds.), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, ... the deep Earth and its 373 S. Cloetingh, J. Negendank (eds.), New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10.1007 /97...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... Solid Earth Sciences, International Year of Planet Earth, DOI 10. 1007/978-90-481-2737-5_12, â Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2 010 New Views of the Earth s Inner Core from Computational Mineral ... elements in the inner core is significantly lower (maximum 3 wt%) than in the outer core (up to 10 wt%). Our present understand- ing is that the Earth s solid inner core is...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... identication: 77 , 123, and 65. ã Suggested surrogate/IS: aniline d 5 , 4-uoroaniline, and 1-uoronaphthalene. ã Samples collected in glass containers, refrigerated, extracted within 7 days of ... XAD-2. ã Monomethylamine interferes in the test; interference is removed by passing air through an impinger containing 0.5% CuCl 2 solution before drawing the air through the sol...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22