The Welfare of Animals Part 3 docx

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... wemust forgo the telescope as a part of technology and consider it the prerogative of the editor of an Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, just as we wouldconsider the violin and the bassoon ... between the twelve cycles of the moon and the one of the sun, wereastronomers, scientists. Admittedly they were working towards the practicalsolutions of how to predict the seasons, the flooding of ... own reward. They arewilling to pursue it for the pure fun of it. Though many of them may beprofessionals, they are in fact truly amateurs in the exact sense of the word.Long may they flourish...

... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization ... 11occurrence with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... buy.1.4 The structure of the book The book falls roughly into three parts: chapters 1 and 2 provide essentialbackground to the study of tense; chapters 3 to 11 gradually build up a picture of the...

... understood bothas the variance in the direction of the smallest χ2between each data point and the line withslope b, and also as the variance of the linear combination yi− a − bxi of two randomvariables ... bxi)2σ2yi+b2σ2xi(15 .3. 2)where σxiand σyiare, respectively, the x and y standard deviations for the ith point. The weighted sum of variances in the denominator of equation (15 .3. 2) can be understood ... xi)=σ2yi+b2σ2xi≡1/wi(15 .3. 3) The sum of the square of N random variables, each normalized by its variance, is thusχ2-distributed.We want to minimize equation (15 .3. 2) with respect to a and b. Unfortunately, the occurrence...

... benefit of previous work. The coarsest implementation of the trapezoidal rule is to average the function at its endpoints a and b .The rststage of refinement is to add to this average the value of the ... evaluation. Therefore the combinationS =4 3 S2N−1 3 SN(4.2.4)will cancel out the leading order error term. But there is no error term of order1/N 3 , by (4.2.1). The surviving error is of order ... use the weights from the latter equations. One example should give the idea, the formula with error termdecreasing as 1/N 3 whichisclosedontherightandopenontheleft:xNx1f(x)dx = h 23 12f2+712f 3 +...

... about the troposphere? The troposphere is the area of the atmosphere which controlsmost of the weather that we experience on Earth. So when youthink of the troposphere, think of weather. The ... troposphere is the thickest near the tropics. The tropics, of course, are located near the equator. The thinnest part of the troposphere is locatednear the poles. So the thickness of the troposphere ... about the troposphere? The troposphere is the area of the atmosphere which controlsmost of the weather that we experience on Earth. So when youthink of the troposphere, think of weather. The...

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... www.tailieuduhoc.org8. Avoid the use of qualifiers. Rather, very, little, pretty — these are the leeches that infest the pond of prose, sucking the blood of words. The constant use of the adjective little ... draws the reader's attention to the sense and substance of the writing, rather than to the mood and temper of the author. If the writing is solid and good, the mood and temper of the writer ... without flaw. The use of language begins with imitation. The infant imitates the sounds made by its parents; the child imitates first the spoken language, then the stuff of books. The imitative...

... men. The samples were then frozen and stored in a stainless steel tank. In the lefthand version of the first example, the reader has no way of knowing whether the stain was in the center of the ... centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of 39 For more material and information, please ... President in 1889. If the antecedent consists of a group of words, the relative comes at the end of the group, unless this would cause ambiguity. The Superintendent of the Chicago Division,...

... 1894.]STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS.5 93 orE1.6V10tiy31 03 P=aNfwhere:a=8-<8St.6fl65or,substituLting.0 033 :a191.45l6'or,substitutinigV=S1l,whereI=length of mnagneticcircuit:L01._58VL1 03 1914/28r16S6A1.6-S6165.6n1.6and58E16L1 03 191A4El6INAT65.6n16AT=5.6n1.6Asseen,thlehystereticlossisproportionalto the 1.6thpower of the E.M.F.,inverseproportionalto the 1.6thpower of the number of turnls,and,inverseproportionalto the .6thpower of frequency,and of cross-section.Ifo=equivalentconductance, the energycoinponent of cur-rentisC'=Ep,and the energyconsumedinconductancepis:P=CE='p.Since,however,E:1.6p=CCF1-6itis:p16aE2pN,6or,a58VL1 03 L11.P-51t4sEAr6Zn64191.4Elj17.]94A'21.6S.6n1.6EF4j1.65.6n1.6Thatis:"TCheewivvalentconductctnceduetomagnetichysteresis,ispro-portionalto the coejfieient of hysteresis,i,andto the tengtht of the ?maqneticctrcut,I,andinverseproportionalto the .4thpower of the E. 3. F-E,to the .6thpower of the frequency,-Y,andopf the cross-seetion of the magneticcirauit,5,andto the 1.6thpower of the number of turns,n."Hence, the equivalenthystereticconductanceincreaseswithde-creasingE.M.F.,anddecreaseswithincreasingE.M.F.;itvaries,however,muchslowerthan the E.M.F.,SOthat,if the hystereticconductancerepresentsonlya part of the totalenergyconsumnp-ÆTHERFORCE ... 602STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS[May18,x-frequiency,r=electricconductivity of iron.,C=coefficient of eddy-currents. The loss of energypercm .3 inergspercycle,isA=tyN1VB2,hence, the totalloss of powerbyeddy-currentsis:w=VrVN2B210-watts,and the equivalentconductanceduetoeddy-currents:o_VF10I.507I_--O_O-B22278,n2$X2where:I-length of magneticcircuit,Sesection of magneticcircuit,Annumber of turns of electriccircuit. The coefficienit of eddycurrents,a,dependsmerelyupontheAshape of the constituentparts of the magneticeireuit,thatis,whetherironplatesorwire,andthiekness of, platesordiameter of wire,etc. The twomostimportanitcasesare:(a),laminiatediron,(b)ironwire.a.LaminatedIron.Let,inFig.14,d=thickness of the ironplates,B=maximum.magneticinduction,N=frequieney,=electricconductivity of the iron.Then,ifxis the distance of azone,d?,frorn. the center of the sheet, the conductance of azone of thickness,dx,anidonecm.lengthandwidthis,dx;and the magneticfluxecutby-thiszoneis,Bx.Hence, the E.M.F.iniducedinthiszoneis:8E=7-2NWBx(c.G.S.)UDitS.ThisE.M.F.produces the current:dC=aE;,dx4/2N7AfBrxdx(C.G.S.)Units,if the thickness of the plateisnegligiblecomparedwith the length,sothat the currentcanbeassumedasflowinigparallelto the sheet,in the onedirectionat the one,in the otherdirectionat the otherside.ÆTHERFORCE ... 572STEINMETZONHYSTERESIS.[May18,havenotbeenmnadesinTce,and the explanation of thisexponent1.6isstillunknown.In the calculation of the corelossesindynamoelectricalma-chineryandintransformers, the law of hysteresishasfounditsapplicationa,andsofarasitisnotobscuredby the superposition of eddycurrentshasbeenfullyconfirmiedbypracticalexperi-ence.%AsanlinstanceisslhowninFig.1, the observedcoreloss of ahighvoltage500E.w.altornatecurrentgeneratorforpowertransmissioni. The curveisplottedwith the corelossasabscisseand the ter-minalvoltsasordinates. The observedvaluesaremarkedbycrosses,while the curve of 1.6powerisshownby the drawniline. The corelossisaverylargeandinalternatorslike the presentmachine,eveni the largest part of the totalloss of ener,gyin the machine.Withregardto the numnericalvalues of the coefficient of hysteresis, the observationsupto the time of mylastpapercover the range,97Xj 03= MaterialsFromToAverage.Wroughtiron,...