... product-develop-ment cost, marketing- research costs, and manufacturing-development costs. Row 5 shows the estimated marketing costs over the five-year period to cover advertising, sales promo-tion, ... contribution -3 ,500 -1 ,281 2,233 2,853 4,101 4,716 10 Discounted contribution (15%) -3 ,500 -1 ,113 1,691 1,877 2,343 2,346 11 Cumulative discounted cash flow -3 ,500 -4 ,613 -2 ,922 -1 ,045 ... independent researchers or new-product develop-ment firms to develop specific new products. We can identify six categories of new products:3 1. New-to-the-iuorld products - New products that create...