Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 5 docx
Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 5 docx
... about the level of casualness in language spoken byothers, suggesting that there are different levels of awareness of these processes.I found that using spectrograms as corroboration of one’s pho-netic ... several dif-ferent accents of British English and is in the process of developinga composite phonological theory. Lodge (1984) assumes ‘that Eng-lish is subject to a number of widespread phonological ... thenotion of preferred versus unpreferred ranking allows us the possi-bility of predicting which of the two outputs will be more frequent.This is a major improvement over the optional rule of generative68...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 10 pdf
... 114–16natural phonology 52 –3naturalness 1 15, 1 25 Nespor, M. 58 New Zealand English 20, 35, 38Wellington Corpus of Spoken 85 154 IndexStampe, D. 8, 48, 52 –3, 54 –6,61, 69, 1 15 standard,percolation ... 33Sotillo, C. F. 3–4, 94 sound, and meaning, united in themental lexicon 91–3type of, and place of occurrence12 sound changes,directionality of 1 15 prediction of 1 15 16sounds, and meaning 1, ... L. 18directionality, of phonological change 1 15 in rule order 54 –6Dirksen, A. 61discourse 13, 15, 16–17Docherty, G. 68, 78Donegan, P. 56 , 116Dressler, W. U. 51 , 53 , 56 , 113,114, 117, 120drift...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 9 pot
... gestures in English /P,T,K/.Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences V, 50 –3.Cruttenden, A. (2001) Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. Arnold.Cutler, A. (19 95) Spoken ... model of continuous speechrecognition. Cognition, 52 , 189–234.Ogden, R. (1999) A declarative account of strong and weak auxiliaries in English. Phonology. 16, 55 –92.Ohala, J. J. (19 75) A mathematical ... connected speech.Proceedings of the ESCA Workshop, Barcelona. 9.1–9 .5. Bates, S. (19 95) Towards a Definition of Schwa: An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Reduction in English. PhD Thesis, Edinburgh...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 8 pdf
... resemble the book at all’, gated in stages of approxi-mately 50 msec. (a total of 33 stimuli), was presented to 16 non-native speakers of English. A reminder of the phonetic transcriptionfollows:[ÎvcskflHmply}d}dÚfl}z*mb<ÎvcbäkvtcÑÕ]All ... pronunciations and in terms of being elevated in style,they normally are more representative of citation form than of unselfconscious casual speech.Dressler (19 75: 227) is one of the few to comment ... to teach English as spoken by native English speakers. Though many foreign visitors speak English reasonably comprehensibly, they cannot understand it. She cites anarticle in a 1971 English newspaper...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 7 doc
... achieved by alittle bit of each of these, a moderate amount of any two of these,or a lot of one. Massaro’s model allows for tradeoffs of this sortas well as tradeoffs involving different sensory ... artefact of the inter-ruption of word-final coarticulation. Approximately 35 per cent of them were identified not at the presentation of the next word,but later still. The mean number of subsequent ... (19 85) is designed to explain bothspeech production and perception. It postulates that speech iscomposed of gestures and complexes of gestures. The limits of these are set by the nature of the...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 6 doc
... suggests thata → b, we often find, phonetically, cases of a, b, and a rainbow of intermediate stages, some of which cannot be detected by ear. Theysuggest that accents of the same language can ... importance of non-binary output to phonologicaltheory (Nolan, 1992, Holst and Nolan, 1995a, 1995b) and onmodelling assimilation (Nolan and Holst, 1996) have also comeout of this work.The majority of ... done at the University of Cambridge, results of which appeared in a series of articles overa decade (Nolan, 1986; Barry, 1984, 19 85, 1991; Wright, 1986;Kerswill, 19 85; Kerswill and Wright,...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 4 doc
... Cov. ‘well, there’s’2 .5. 2 h-droppingThis is a process which varies considerably from accent to accent of English Most of the accents represented here show reduction of /h/ when it is in a short, ... of language, like acquisition of otherskills, is a process of suppressing some of the behaviour which ispresent in all normal humans. For example, young babies can anddo make every vowel sound ... Combinations of these ProcessesEach of the reductions discussed above seems trivial, and the applica-tion of any one of them to a phonological phrase is a very minorevent. When several of them...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 3 pot
... mentioned briefly in chapter 5, vowel nasalization before anasal consonant and loss of the habit of making the closure for theProcesses in Conversational English 35 the word of as [vv] or even [wv], ... consonant: ‘lots of apples’, [l∞tsvvcæp;z] but ‘lots of jobs’ [l∞tsvcu∞bz].The ‘weak and strong forms’ of of are much more like the‘a/an’ forms of the indefinite article in English, the main ... decreasing the number of articulatedconsonant clusters. While it is claimed that there is a spectrum of different realizations of syllable-final /l/ in some accents of English so that ‘l’ vocalizes...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 2 ppt
... World Englishes and (2) Wells’ Accents of English (1982) runs tothree volumes. There are hundreds of varieties which can legitimately20 Processes in Conversational English be called English, ... Re-calling the sound of Indian, Caribbean, Singaporean and African English, it is easy to convince oneself that while many people fromthese areas are native speakers of English, they do not sound likeeach ... against our very simplistic view of ‘fast speechdeletion’ is that there are very distinct patterns of reduction inconnected speech, related to type of sound and place of occurrence.If one were simply...
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Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 1 pdf
... Phonology 52 3.3 Variable Rules 53 3.4 More on Rule Order 54 3 .5 Attempts in the 1990s 56 3 .5. 1 Autosegmental 56 3 .5. 2 Metrical 58 3 .5. 3 Articulatory 58 3 .5. 4 Underspecification 59 3 .5. 5 Firthian ... 126Bibliography 127Index 142Contents vii Sound Patterns of Spoken English Linda Shockey Sound Patterns of Spoken English Setting the Stage 3native speaker of English will agree that the word ‘first’ ... 117 5. 2.2 Second language acquisition 119 5. 3 Interacting with Computers 124 5. 3.1 Speech synthesis 1 25 5.3.2 Speech recognition 1 25 5.4 Summary 126Bibliography 127Index 142Contents viiSound...
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