Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 8 pdf

... resemble the book at all’, gated in stages of approxi- mately 50 msec. (a total of 33 stimuli), was presented to 16 non- native speakers of English. A reminder of the phonetic transcription follows: [ÎvcskflHmply}d} d Úfl}z*mb<ÎvcbäkvtcÑÕ] All ... to teach English as spoken by native English speakers. Though many foreign visitors speak English reasonably comprehensibly, they...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... place of occurrence 12 sound changes, directionality of 115 prediction of 115–16 sounds, and meaning 1, 4, 68 71 Spanish 8, 112, 113, 117 spectrography 73–4, 74–5, 83 , 88 speech see laboratory ... 149 synthesis of phonological explanations 64–7 Lovins, J. B. 83 , 88 Luce, P. A. 96 Lundberg, L. 68 McClelland, J. J. 107 8 MacNeilage, P. 90–1 Malecot, A. 85 Maneva, B. 111 M...

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... 126 Bibliography 127 Index 142 Contents vii Sound Patterns of Spoken English Linda Shockey Sound Patterns of Spoken English Setting the Stage 3 native speaker of English will agree that the word ‘first’ ... an embarrassing display of hubris) to attempt a recapitulation of what is known. The following books (or others of a similar nature) should be assimilated befo...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... foundations for a theory of language change. In W. P. Lehmann and Y. Malkiel (eds), Directions for Historical Linguistics. University of Texas Press, 95– 188 . Wells, J. C. (1 982 ) Accents of English. Cambridge ... vowel-to-vowel coarticula- tion in different languages. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 88 , 1 286 – 98. Manuel, S. (1991) Recovery of ‘deleted’ schwa...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... percept of stress may be achieved by a little bit of each of these, a moderate amount of any two of these, or a lot of one. Massaro’s model allows for tradeoffs of this sort as well as tradeoffs ... (or family of models) of speech perception (Marslen-Wilson and Welsh, 19 78; Cole and Jakimik, 19 78; Cutler and Norris, 1 988 , Norris, 1994) assumes that the word is the basic...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... University of Cambridge, results of which appeared in a series of articles over a decade (Nolan, 1 986 ; Barry, 1 984 , 1 985 , 1991; Wright, 1 986 ; Kerswill, 1 985 ; Kerswill and Wright, 1 989 ; Nolan and ... suggests that a → b, we often find, phonetically, cases of a, b, and a rainbow of intermediate stages, some of which cannot be detected by ear. They suggest that accents of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... several dif- ferent accents of British English and is in the process of developing a composite phonological theory. Lodge (1 984 ) assumes ‘that Eng- lish is subject to a number of widespread phonological ... that require the manipulation of phonemes and can invent spellings that capture the phonetic structure of spoken words. Earlier work by Lundberg, Olofsson, and Wall (1 980...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... probabilities of application of a particular rule are a feature of an accent group rather than an individual. The relationship between the language behaviour of a community and the mental grammar of an ... of language, like acquisition of other skills, is a process of suppressing some of the behaviour which is present in all normal humans. For example, young babies can and d...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... of jobs’ [l∞tsvcu∞bz]. The ‘weak and strong forms’ of of are much more like the ‘a/an’ forms of the indefinite article in English, the main difference being that it is not actually unheard of ... consonants is unusual. Dalby (1 984 ) stresses the importance of this distinction in English casual speech processes. In English, the type of cluster allowed is, of course, different...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... World Englishes and (2) Wells’ Accents of English (1 982 ) runs to three volumes. There are hundreds of varieties which can legitimately 20 Processes in Conversational English be called English, ... variation in speech sounds, such as tension of the vocal tract walls (cf. Keating, 1 988 : 286 ). It there- fore includes all articulatory choices which make a native speaker sound na...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22