Muller A History of Thermodynamics The Doctrine of Energy and Entropy phần 10 pot

... as heat, as it does in a flame. Indeed, an animal and man are able to exert power, and they must do so, at least to the extent of the basal metabolic rate. Also animals grow, and they are able ... also the NASA X-ray observatory which is called Chandrasekhar observatory, and a minor planet,– one of about 15000 – which was named Chandra in 1958. Fig. 10. 2. Subrah...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... but what remained to be done was the mathematical description. Actually Einstein claimed to have provided both: The physical explanation and the mathematical formulation. As a matter of fact, ... the same time – of a related paradox of shear motion. And then, after rational thermodynamics appeared, Müller and I-Shih Liu (1943– ) 73 formulated the first theory...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... at all times. For the purpose we need field equations and these are based upon the equations of balance of mechanics and thermodynamics, viz. the conser- vation laws of mass and momentum, and ... hypothesis about the mean regression of fluctuations, cf. Chap. 9. A good presentation of the proof is contained in the popular monograph by de Groot and Mazur....

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... for all, because the adiabatic equation of state refers to ideal gases and the sun has a mean density of 3 cm g 4.1 , larger than the density of water and a thousand times denser than air. ... understand that. They put the problem on the shelf and proceeded anyway to calculate the potential energy of a gas sphere with radius R and mass M r , cf. Insert 7....

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... became the last inspector of the Luftwaffe in the war and then the first inspector of the after-war Luftwaffe in 1956. 43 P.D. Straffin: “Game Theory and Strategy.” New Mathematical Library. The ... conjectured that all substances have critical points and that these points had escaped the attention of thermodynamicists only, because they were far out of the usu...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... temperature and heat, and energy and work. And, if there is to be an extrapolation of entropy to a foreign field, it must be accompanied by the appropriate extrapolations of temperature and heat and ... was as far from the beaten track as Russia. 1 As a postdoctoral fellow Gibbs had had a six year period of study in France and Germany, before he became a...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... means that the realization where all atoms sit in the same place and have the same velocity is just as probable as the realization that has the first N 1 atoms sitting in one place (x,c) and ... started to understand polymers and to use their understanding to develop a thermal equation of state for rubber. The kinetic theory of rubber is a masterpiece of therm...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... the kinetic energy of the flow of a fluid and from the potential energy of the fluid in a gravitational field. Second Law of Thermodynamics 65 Second Law of Thermodynamics Clausius keeps ... simplicity we assume that all atoms have the same speed c and that one sixth of them are flying perpendicular to each of the six walls. The change of mome...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... 1856 and 1865 and later summarized and extended in two books, 58 the latter of which appeared posthumously. The practical impact of Faraday and Maxwell was enormous, although not immediate, and ... that the caloric entering the boiler came out of the cooler unchanged in amount. Therefore it was natural for Carnot to draw an analogy between the motive power of...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21

... century and early 20th century. The nature of heat and temperature was recognized, the conservation of energy was discovered, and the realization that mass and energy are equivalent provided a new ... Stadtarzt, at the same salary, and in that capacity he had to treat the poor, – free of charge – and also the lower employees of the town, like the pr...

Ngày tải lên: 23/07/2014, 16:21