... production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-␣). Its structural characteristics were investigated by a combination of chemical and instrumentalanalyses, including methylation, ... activation (Dennert & Tucker, 1973),∗Corresponding author at: College of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Kangwon National University, 192-1, Hyoja-2-dong, Chuncheon,Gangwon-do ... upregulation and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These exper-iments showed that CPSN Fr II strongly triggers the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-␣ and interleukin-1...