... watch television’
20 Me have more ‘I want to have some more’
21 In kitchen ‘In the kitchen’ (reply to ‘Where’s Mummy?’)
22 Me play with Daddy ‘I want to play with Daddy’
23 Open door ‘Open ... young boy called Jem/James at age 20 months;
head verbs are italicised in (12a) and head prepositions in (12b), and their complements are in non-italic
print):
( 12) (a) Touch heads. Cuddle bo...
... role is
played by complementisers like that, for and if, e.g. in speaker B’s reply in (22 ) below:
(22 ) SPEAKER A: What are you saying? SPEAKER B: That we are trying to help you
Where does ... B in (28 ) below:
(28 ) SPEAKER A: What does he do to keep fit?
SPEAKER B: Run up the hill and up the mountain
with the ungrammatical reply produced by speaker B in (29 ) below:
(2...
... ( 62)
below:
( 62) CP
C TP
ø
PRN T '
they
T VP
Tns
V TP
believe
PRN T '
him
T VP
to
V A
be innocent
The particular aspect of the analysis in ( 62) ... that a for
infinitive clause like (52a) with an overt for complementiser has an overt accusative subject like them,
whereas a control infinitive clause like (52b) with a null ø complementiser ha...
... fill T. If so, a sentence
like (21 a) I care not for her will involve the V-to-T movement operation shown in a simplified skeletal
form in (22 ) below:
(22 ) [
TP
I [
T
care] not [
VP
[
V
... such as (25 c) Know you not the cause?
will involve the two head movement operations shown in simplified form in (26 ) below:
(26 ) CP
C TP
Know
PRN T '
you
T VP
(2) kno...
... Pullum and Scholz 20 02, Thomas 20 02, Sampson 20 02, Fodor
and Crowther 20 02, Lasnik and Uriagereka 20 02, Legate and Yang 20 02, Crain and Pietroski 20 02, and
Scholz and Pullum 20 02. )
A further ... Levine and Johnson 20 00a /20 00b /20 01, Holmberg 20 00,
Piattelli-Palmarini 20 00, Reuland 20 00 /20 01a, Roberts 20 00 /20 01a, Uriagereka 20 00 /20 01, Freidin and
Ver...
... infinitival to?
25
pronoun found in English and other languages (See Déchaine and Wiltschko 20 02) . One such type is
represented by the word one in the use illustrated below:
(21 )(a) John has ... both (26 a) and (26 b), but differ in that they are used prenominally (i.e.
with a following noun expression) in (26 a), but pronominally (i.e. without any following noun expression)...
... served by doing so.
2. 12 Summary
In this chapter, we have looked at the role played by categories in characterising the
grammatical properties of words. In 2. 2, we looked at the criteria ... complement of a preposition. In 2. 10, we showed how the labelled bracketing technique can be
used to categorise words in particular phrases and sentences. Finally, in 2. 11 we noted that as...
... to 21 -22 , consider why some linguists
(e.g. Landau 20 02) have claimed that it is not the verb deny which is negative in 19 /20 , but rather the
complementiser that, and say why sentences like 23 /24 ... helping me 20 *The fact that nothing has happened will change anything
21 John will deny that anything has happened 22 *John has denied anything
23 John has denied any involvement...
... what finite clauses like (22 ) and (23 ) share in
common is that in both cases they contain an (auxiliary or main) verb carrying a tense affix. In structures
like (23 ) which contain an auxiliary ... DO in (24 a), but is unattached in (24 b) because there is no
auxiliary in T for the affix to attach to.
Under the analysis in (24 ), it is clear that T in auxiliariless clauses like (24 b)...
... three-year-old girl:
19 Is I can do that? 20 Is you should eat the apple?
21 Is the apple juice won’t spill?
And finally, say why you think negative imperatives like 22 (which were grammatical in Elizabethan ... Elizabethan
English) are ungrammatical in present-day English, and why we find 23 instead:
22 *Be not afraid! 23 Don’t be afraid!
Helpful hints
In 13, account for t...