A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 41 doc
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 41 doc
... common practice to store records in files. A record contains
data that forms a logical unit, such as the human resource information for a person. A
write operation stores a record in a file, that is, ... read, and this in turn involves stor-
ing type information and references to other objects.
External mass storage media, such as hard disks, are normally block-oriented—...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 2 doc
... 150
Chapter 9 The Standard Class string 153
Defining and Assigning Strings 154
Concatenating Strings 156
Comparing Strings 158
Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160
Searching and Replacing in Strings ... queues;
associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets. In addition to discussing how
to manage containers, the chapter also looks at sample applications, such as bitmaps...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 7 docx
... declare and call standard functions and
■ use standard classes.
This includes using standard header files. In addition, we will be working
with string variables, i.e. objects belonging to the standard ... Definitions
In addition to standard function prototypes, the header files also contain standard class
definitions. When a header file is included, the classes defined and any objec...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 16 doc
... English alphabet by default, any national characters, such as accentuated charac-
ters in other languages, must be dealt with individually. A program of this type is known
as a filter and can be applied ... , are available for classifying charac-
ters. For example, the macro islower(c) checks whether c contains a lowercase letter
returning the value true, in this case, and false in...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 22 doc
... 197
Storage Classes and
Namespaces
This chapter begins by describing storage classes for objects and
functions.The storage class is responsible for defining those parts of a
program where an object ... scope
Function
■
STORAGE CLASSES OF OBJECTS
ᮀ Availability of Objects
C++ program
ᮀ Storage Class Specifiers
The storage class of an object is determined by
■ the position of its declaratio...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 24 doc
... a namespace within another
namespace.
Global identifiers belonging to the C++ standard library automatically belong to the
standard namespace std.
exercises
212
■
CHAPTER 11 ST0RAGE CLASSES AND ... need to repeatedly quote the namespace. Just like
normal declarations, using declarations and using directives can occur at any part of
the program.
ᮀ using Declarations
A using decla...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 25 doc
...
increments the variable var. Within the function, any access to the reference a auto-
matically accesses the supplied variable, var.
If an object is passed as an argument when passing by reference, ... need to read arguments, but not copy them, you can define a read-only reference
as a parameter.
Example: void display( const string& str);
The function display() contains a str...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 30 doc
... at data encapsulation.
Access methods offer a far more useful way of accessing the private data members.
Access methods allow data to be read and manipulated in a controlled manner. If the
access ... impact a program’s runtime. In
fact, saving a re-entry address and jumping to the called function and back into the call-
ing function can take more time than executing the functi...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 33 docx
... encapsulation also apply to static data members. A static data
member declared as public is therefore directly accessible to any object.
If the static data members min and max in the Result class ... and member functions belonging to the same class are normally defined in
one source file.
ACCESSING STATIC DATA MEMBERS
■
307
ᮀ Static Data Members and Encapsulation
The normal rules...
A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 34 doc
... }
ENUMERATION
■
309
ᮀ Definition
An enumeration is a user-definable, integral type. An enumeration is defined using the
enum keyword. A range of values and a name for these values are also defined at the
same time.
Example: ... 1,
and Ellipse a value of 2. A Shape type variable can only assume one of these values.
Example: Shape shape = Rectangle; // Variable shape
//
switch(shape)...
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