Chapter 047 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 3) pps

... associated with Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 3) A detailed history may provide important clues regarding the etiology of the hypercalcemia (Table 47-1). Chronic hypercalcemia ... as ketoconazole, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, may also decrease 1,25(OH) 2 D production and are used occasionally. HYPOCALCEMIA Etiology The causes of hy...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 5) Vitamin D deficiency, impaired 1,25(OH) 2 D production (primarily ... deposition of calcium, and impaired PTH secretion. Clinical Manifestations Patients with hypocalcemia may be asymptomatic if the decreases in serum calcium are relatively mild and chronic, or they ... life-threatening complications. Moderate to s...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... mutations, which impair extracellular calcium sensing by the parathyroid glands and the kidneys, resulting in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Although PTH secretion by tumors is extremely ... homology with PTH in the first 13 amino acids and binds the PTH receptor, thus mimicking effects of PTH on bone and the kidney. In PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia of malignancy, P...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... value of 4.1 g/dL for albumin, and conversely for elevations in serum albumin. Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 2) Table 47-1 Causes of Hypercalcemia Excessive PTH production ... anorexia, constipation, or pancreatitis). Hypercalcemia decreases renal concentrating ability, which may cause polyuria and polydipsia. With long-standing hyperparathyr...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 4) Table 47-2 Causes of Hypocalcemia Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Hypoparathyroidism)

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... ventricular failure. Chapter 034. Cough and Hemoptysis (Part 3) Complications Common complications of coughing include chest and abdominal wall soreness, urinary incontinence, and exhaustion. ... Blood can fill the airways and the alveolar spaces, not only seriously disturbing gas exchange but potentially causing asphyxiation. with elevated pulmonary venous and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Diarrhea and urgency, especially if severe, may aggravate or cause incontinence. Pseudodiarrhea and fecal incontinence occur at prevalence rates comparable ... weeks, and chronic if >4 weeks in duration. Two common conditions, usually associated with the passage of stool totaling <200 g/d, must be distinguished from diarrhea, as diagnostic and ... stool, is often associated w...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nausea and vomiting. Approach to the Patient: Nausea and Vomiting History and Physical Examination The history helps define the etiology of unexplained nausea and vomiting. Drugs, toxins, and ... vomiting with or without nausea. Chapter 039. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion (Part 3) Disordered gut sensorimotor function also commonly causes nausea and vomiting. G...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... one-half the neutrophils in the basal state and is composed of those cells that are in the blood Chapter 061. Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes (Part 3) Pelger-Hüet anomaly. In this benign ... neutrophil distribution and kinetics between the different anatomic and functional pools The circulating pool exists in two dynamic compartments: one freely flowing and on...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... cells available, the last having hatched and gone. This little cluster moved across the hive and sat on the previously abandoned and by now dead queen cells and stayed with them for about ten days, ... the entrance and abandoned a couple of queen cells which were on the extreme side, away from the main body. After a considerable bout of swarming only a handful of bees were left...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20