Chapter 047 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 1) docx
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 1) docx
...
HYPERCALCEMIA
Etiology
The causes of hypercalcemia can be understood and classified based on
derangements in the normal feedback mechanisms that regulate serum calcium
(Table 47 -1). ... mutations,
which impair extracellular calcium sensing by the parathyroid glands and the
kidneys, resulting in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH).
Although PTH secretion by tumor...
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 2) ppt
... value of 4.1 g/dL for albumin, and conversely for elevations in serum
albumin.
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia
and Hypocalcemia
(Part 2)
Table 47-1 Causes of Hypercalcemia
Excessive PTH production ... anorexia,
constipation, or pancreatitis). Hypercalcemia decreases renal concentrating ability,
which may cause polyuria and polydipsia. With long-standing
hyperparathyr...
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 3) pps
... associated with
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia
and Hypocalcemia
(Part 3)
A detailed history may provide important clues regarding the etiology of
the hypercalcemia (Table 47 -1). Chronic hypercalcemia ... as ketoconazole, chloroquine, and
hydroxychloroquine, may also decrease 1,25(OH)
2
D production and are used
occasionally.
HYPOCALCEMIA
Etiology
The causes of hyp...
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 4) potx
... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia
and Hypocalcemia
(Part 4)
Table 47-2 Causes of Hypocalcemia
Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Hypoparathyroidism)
Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 5) pps
... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia
and Hypocalcemia
(Part 5)
Vitamin D deficiency, impaired 1,25(OH)
2
D production (primarily ... deposition of calcium, and impaired PTH secretion.
Clinical Manifestations
Patients with hypocalcemia may be asymptomatic if the decreases in serum
calcium are relatively mild and chronic, or they ... life-threatening
complications. Moderate to s...
Chapter 017. Fever and Hyperthermia (Part 1) docx
... time; however, shivering is not
Chapter 017. Fever and Hyperthermia
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 17. Fever and Hyperthermia
Fever and Hyperthermia: Introduction ... raised, neurons in the vasomotor center are activated and
vasoconstriction commences. The individual first notices vasoconstriction in the
hands and feet. Shunting of blood away...
Chapter 034. Cough and Hemoptysis (Part 1) docx
... tumors,
or rarely from an aortic aneurysm.
Chapter 034. Cough and
Hemoptysis
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 34. Cough and Hemoptysis
Cough
Cough is an explosive ... sinusitis, and
pertussis), but more serious disorders, such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolus,
and congestive heart failure, can also present in this fashion. Subacute cough
(betwe...
Chapter 040. Diarrhea and Constipation (Part 1) docx
... complex.
Chapter 040. Diarrhea and
Constipation
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 40. Diarrhea and Constipation
DIARRHEA AND CONSTIPATION: INTRODUCTION
Diarrhea and constipation ... affected twice as often as men. Diarrhea and constipation
are among the most common patient complaints faced by internists and primary
care physicians, and the...
Chapter 044. Abdominal Swelling and Ascites (Part 1) docx
... underlying intestinal loops is
Chapter 044. Abdominal
Swelling and Ascites
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 44. Abdominal Swelling and
Ascites
Abdominal Swelling ... pressure, resulting in
indigestion and heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux or dyspnea, abdominal
wall hernias (inguinal and umbilical), orthopnea, and tachypnea from elevati...
Tài liệu Modules and Ports part 1 docx
... module
are q, qbar, set, and reset. The root module instantiates m1, which is a module of type
SR_latch. The module m1 instantiates nand gates n1 and n2. Q, Qbar, S, and R are port
signals in ... module is a basic building block in Chapter 2
, Hierarchical
Modeling Concepts. We ignored the internals of modules and concentrated on how
modules are defined and instantiated. In t...