Chapter 047 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 1) docx

... HYPERCALCEMIA Etiology The causes of hypercalcemia can be understood and classified based on derangements in the normal feedback mechanisms that regulate serum calcium (Table 47 -1). ... mutations, which impair extracellular calcium sensing by the parathyroid glands and the kidneys, resulting in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Although PTH secretion by tumor...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... value of 4.1 g/dL for albumin, and conversely for elevations in serum albumin. Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 2) Table 47-1 Causes of Hypercalcemia Excessive PTH production ... anorexia, constipation, or pancreatitis). Hypercalcemia decreases renal concentrating ability, which may cause polyuria and polydipsia. With long-standing hyperparathyr...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... associated with Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 3) A detailed history may provide important clues regarding the etiology of the hypercalcemia (Table 47 -1). Chronic hypercalcemia ... as ketoconazole, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, may also decrease 1,25(OH) 2 D production and are used occasionally. HYPOCALCEMIA Etiology The causes of hyp...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 4) Table 47-2 Causes of Hypocalcemia Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Hypoparathyroidism)

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 5) Vitamin D deficiency, impaired 1,25(OH) 2 D production (primarily ... deposition of calcium, and impaired PTH secretion. Clinical Manifestations Patients with hypocalcemia may be asymptomatic if the decreases in serum calcium are relatively mild and chronic, or they ... life-threatening complications. Moderate to s...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... time; however, shivering is not Chapter 017. Fever and Hyperthermia (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 17. Fever and Hyperthermia Fever and Hyperthermia: Introduction ... raised, neurons in the vasomotor center are activated and vasoconstriction commences. The individual first notices vasoconstriction in the hands and feet. Shunting of blood away...

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... tumors, or rarely from an aortic aneurysm. Chapter 034. Cough and Hemoptysis (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 34. Cough and Hemoptysis Cough Cough is an explosive ... sinusitis, and pertussis), but more serious disorders, such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, and congestive heart failure, can also present in this fashion. Subacute cough (betwe...

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... complex. Chapter 040. Diarrhea and Constipation (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 40. Diarrhea and Constipation DIARRHEA AND CONSTIPATION: INTRODUCTION Diarrhea and constipation ... affected twice as often as men. Diarrhea and constipation are among the most common patient complaints faced by internists and primary care physicians, and the...

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... underlying intestinal loops is Chapter 044. Abdominal Swelling and Ascites (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 44. Abdominal Swelling and Ascites Abdominal Swelling ... pressure, resulting in indigestion and heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux or dyspnea, abdominal wall hernias (inguinal and umbilical), orthopnea, and tachypnea from elevati...

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... module are q, qbar, set, and reset. The root module instantiates m1, which is a module of type SR_latch. The module m1 instantiates nand gates n1 and n2. Q, Qbar, S, and R are port signals in ... module is a basic building block in Chapter 2 , Hierarchical Modeling Concepts. We ignored the internals of modules and concentrated on how modules are defined and instantiated. In t...

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 03:15