Chapter 045 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 3) potx

... series of neural and humoral responses that include activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and ADH release. GFR is maintained by prostaglandin-mediated ... discussed below). The urinalysis and urinary electrolytes can be useful in distinguishing prerenal azotemia from ATN (Table 45-2). The urine of patients with prerenal azotemia can...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 2) Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate Monitoring the GFR is important in both the hospital and outpatient settings, and ... products (azotemia) such as urea and creatinine. Azotemia may result from reduced renal perfusion, intrinsic renal disease, or postrenal processes (ureteral obstruction; see below...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... prognosis, and treatment. Hematuria without RBC casts can also be an indication of glomerular disease, and this evaluation is summarized in Fig. 45-2. Figure 45-2 Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary ... Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 4) POSTRENAL AZOTEMIA Urinary tract obstruction accounts for <5% of cases of acute renal failure, but it is us...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... g, there is often associated hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema (nephrotic syndrome; Fig. 45 -3). However, total daily urinary protein excretion >3.5 g can occur without the other ... including tubule obstruction (cast nephropathy) and light chain deposition. Hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome occurs through excessive urinary losses and increased proximal tubule c...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... renal disease: Clearance, urinalysis and renal biopsy, in Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed, Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 8) Approach to the patient ... reabsorption and indirectly reduces the responsiveness of the tubule to aldosterone. Usually, the Na losses are mild, and the obligatory urine output is <2 L/d (resolving ATN...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Mild azotemia Mild Chap. 282 Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 45. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities Azotemia and ... nephritis Hematuria, RBC casts Azotemia, oliguria Edema, Proteinuria Pyuria Circulatory congestion Chap. 277 nocturia, urinary retention Slowing of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... with sulfosalicylic or trichloracetic acids. Currently, ultrasensitive Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 5) Approach to the patient with hematuria. RBC, red blood cell; ... by total urinary tract obstruction, total renal artery or vein occlusion, and shock (manifested by severe hypotension and intense renal vasoconstriction). Cortical necrosis, AT...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... cellular casts and RBCs may be seen in smoldering processes such as chronic glomerulonephritis. ABNORMALITIES OF URINE VOLUME Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 7) Isolated ... the urine volume is >3 L/d and urine osmolality is >300 mosmol/L, then a solute diuresis is clearly present and a search for the responsible solute(s) is mandator...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... enterally. Substantial nutritional benefit can be achieved by providing Chapter 073. Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (Part 3) Efficacy of SNS in Different Disease States Efficacy studies have ... injury, and severe pancreatitis [positive CT scan and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) > 10] all benefit by early SNS, as indicated by reduced...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... nerves and nerve roots. Sitting stretches the sciatic nerve (L5 and S1 roots) because the nerve passes posterior to the hip. The femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4 roots) passes anterior to the hip and ... spine disease. Hip pain can be reproduced by internal and external rotation at the hip with the knee and hip in flexion (Patrick sign) and by tapping the heel with the examiner...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20