Chapter 046 Sodium and Water (Part 2) potx

... disturbed water homeostasis, whereas alterations in Na + content are manifest as ECF volume contraction or expansion and imply abnormal Na + balance. Sodium Intake Chapter 046. Sodium and Water ... cortical and collecting duct to water in the absence of AVP. Abnormalities of any of these steps can result in impaired free water excretion, and eventual hyponatre...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 7) Diagnosis (Fig. 46-1) Hyponatremia is not a disease but a manifestation ... by restricting water intake and promoting water loss and (2) to correct the underlying disorder. Mild asymptomatic hyponatremia is generally of little clinical significance and requires no ... total body water that exceeds the increase in total b...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... b. Distal delivery of non- reabsorbed anions: vomiting, nasogastric suction, proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, glue- sniffing (toluene abuse), penicillin derivatives

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... Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 11) Potassium: Introduction Potassium Balance Potassium is the major ... membrane potential and is crucial for normal neuromuscular function. The basolateral Na + , K + -ATPase pump actively transports K + in and Na + out of the cell in a 2:3 ratio, and the passive ... filtered K + is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubul...

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... betaine, and glutamine. Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 46. Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances > Sodium and Water Sodium and Water: ... disparities in permeability and the presence of transporters and active pumps. The major ECF particles are Na + and its accompanying anions Cl – and HCO 3 –...

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... nephrogenic) Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 3) Hypovolemia Etiology True volume depletion, or hypovolemia, generally refers to a state of combined salt and water loss exceeding intake, ... Na + and water loss 1. Diuretics 2. Osmotic diuresis 3. Hypoaldosteronism 4. Salt-wasting nephropathies C. Renal water loss 1. Diabetes insipidus (central or...

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... 273). Another Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 4) Extrarenal Nonrenal causes of hypovolemia include fluid loss from the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and respiratory system and third-space ... plasma volume and hypotension. Hypotension is due to decreased venous return (preload) and diminished cardiac output; it triggers baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and...

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... (secondary water gain) 1. Integumentary loss: sweating, burns 2. Gastrointestinal loss: vomiting, tube drainage, fistula, obstruction, diarrhea Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 5) ... solution can be absorbed and result in a dilutional hyponatremia. The metabolism of sorbitol and glycine to CO 2 and water may lead to hypotonicity if the accumulated fluid a...

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... Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 6) Hyponatremia in the setting of ECF volume expansion is usually associated ... of solute-free water include a reduced GFR, decreased delivery of ultrafiltrate to the diluting site (due to increased proximal fractional reabsorption of Na + and water) , and diuretic therapy. ... severity of the underlying condition and is an imp...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... AVP release. Thus, the hemodynamic effects of water loading lead to AVP suppression and excretion of dilute urine. Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 8) The rate of correction of hyponatremia ... abnormal or access to water is limited. The latter occurs in infants, the physically handicapped, and patients with impaired mental status; in the postoperative state; an...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21