Chapter 033 Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 3) ppsx

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 3) Differential Diagnosis Dyspnea is the consequence of deviations from normal function in the cardiopulmonary systems. ... contribute to dyspnea, both by increasing the work of breathing and by stimulating pulmonary receptors if there is associated atelectasis. Gas Exchanger Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and as...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... indicates pulmonary venous hypertension, while enlarged central pulmonary arteries suggest pulmonary artery hypertension. An enlarged cardiac silhouette suggests a Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary ... interstitial edema or fibrosis, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or impaired chest wall motion). The pulmonary parenchyma should be examined for evidence of interstitial diseas...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... of chest tightness. J-receptors, sensitive to interstitial edema, and pulmonary vascular receptors, activated by acute changes in pulmonary artery pressure, appear to contribute to air hunger. ... and feedback messages do not match, an error signal is generated and the intensity of dyspnea increases. (Adapted from Gillette and Schwartzstein.) Motor Efferents Disorders o...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 2) Integration: Efferent-Reafferent Mismatch A discrepancy or mismatch between the feed-forward message to the ventilatory muscles and ... unpleasant and interpreted as abnormal. We are still in the early stages of learning the best ways to assess the affective dimension of dyspnea. Some therapies for dyspnea, such a...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... vascular markings in Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 5) Distinguishing Cardiovascular from Respiratory System Dyspnea If a patient has evidence of both pulmonary and cardiac disease, ... forces, and a propensity for the alveoli to collapse at low lung volumes. Physiologically, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is characterized by intrapulmonary shu...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 6) Distinguishing Cardiogenic from Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema The history is essential for assessing ... pulmonary edema. The physical examination in cardiogenic pulmonary edema is notable for evidence of increased intracardiac pressures (S3 gallop, elevated jugular venous pulse, peripheral edema) , ... an...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... nerves and nerve roots. Sitting stretches the sciatic nerve (L5 and S1 roots) because the nerve passes posterior to the hip. The femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4 roots) passes anterior to the hip and ... spine disease. Hip pain can be reproduced by internal and external rotation at the hip with the knee and hip in flexion (Patrick sign) and by tapping the heel with the examiner...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... extent and topography of cerebellar atrophy. A short expansion Chapter 024. Gait and Balance Disorders (Part 3) Parkinsonism and Freezing Gait Parkinson's disease (Chap. 366) is common, ... tumor, and neurodegenerative disease, including multiple system atrophy (Chaps. 366 and 370) and various forms of hereditary cerebellar degeneration (Chap. 368). MRI demonstr...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... series of neural and humoral responses that include activation of the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and ADH release. GFR is maintained by prostaglandin-mediated ... disease and providing symptomatic relief for edema, acidosis, anemia, and hyperphosphatemia, as discussed in Chap. 274. Acute renal failure (Chap. 2 73) can result from processes a...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... infections such Chapter 072. Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment (Part 3) Physiologic Characteristics of Hypometabolic and Hypermetabolic States The metabolic characteristics and nutritional ... kwashiorkor seen in developing countries. Metabolic Rate In starvation and semistarvation, the resting metabolic rate falls between 10% and 30% as an adaptive response t...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20