Chapter 033 Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 2) potx

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 2) Integration: Efferent-Reafferent Mismatch A discrepancy or mismatch between the feed-forward message to the ventilatory muscles and ... unpleasant and interpreted as abnormal. We are still in the early stages of learning the best ways to assess the affective dimension of dyspnea. Some therapies for dyspnea, such...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... of chest tightness. J-receptors, sensitive to interstitial edema, and pulmonary vascular receptors, activated by acute changes in pulmonary artery pressure, appear to contribute to air hunger. ... and feedback messages do not match, an error signal is generated and the intensity of dyspnea increases. (Adapted from Gillette and Schwartzstein.) Motor Efferents Disorders o...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 3) Differential Diagnosis Dyspnea is the consequence of deviations from normal function in the cardiopulmonary systems. ... contribute to dyspnea, both by increasing the work of breathing and by stimulating pulmonary receptors if there is associated atelectasis. Gas Exchanger Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and aspi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... indicates pulmonary venous hypertension, while enlarged central pulmonary arteries suggest pulmonary artery hypertension. An enlarged cardiac silhouette suggests a Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary ... interstitial edema or fibrosis, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or impaired chest wall motion). The pulmonary parenchyma should be examined for evidence of interstitial diseas...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... vascular markings in Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 5) Distinguishing Cardiovascular from Respiratory System Dyspnea If a patient has evidence of both pulmonary and cardiac disease, ... forces, and a propensity for the alveoli to collapse at low lung volumes. Physiologically, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is characterized by intrapulmonary shu...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 6) Distinguishing Cardiogenic from Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema The history is essential for assessing ... pulmonary edema. The physical examination in cardiogenic pulmonary edema is notable for evidence of increased intracardiac pressures (S3 gallop, elevated jugular venous pulse, peripheral edema) , ... an...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Progressive focal neurologic deficit Chapter 016. Back and Neck Pain (Part 2) The posterior portion of the spine consists of the vertebral arches and seven processes. Each arch consists ... of muscles and ligaments. The contraction of muscles attached to the spinous and transverse processes produces a system of pulleys and levers that results in flexion, extension,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... in the legs, an imbalance of muscle tone, and a tendency to circumduct and scuff the feet. The disorder reflects compromise of corticospinal command and overactivity of spinal reflexes. The patient ... tone in the adductors. Upper motor neuron signs are present on physical Chapter 024. Gait and Balance Disorders (Part 2) Disorders of Gait The heterogeneity of gait disor...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... Chapter 045. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities (Part 2) Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate Monitoring the GFR is important in both the hospital and outpatient settings, and ... a measured GFR is not available, and the serum creatinine level is used to estimate the GFR in order to supply appropriate doses of renally excreted drugs and to follow short-term chang...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... illnesses such as trauma and sepsis, and chronic illnesses that involve acute-phase inflammatory responses. The physiologic stress produced by these illnesses increases protein and energy requirements ... is blocked by the stressed state and by carbohydrate infusion. In its early stages, the physical findings of kwashiorkor are few and subtle. Fat reserves and muscle mass ar...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20