... H-bond formation. Water can
serve as both an H donor and an H acceptor in H-bond formation. The potential to
form four H bonds per water molecule is the source of the strong intermolecular at-
tractions ... such structures are the
processes of life. Properties of biomolecules that endow them with the
potential for creating the living state include the following: Biological
macromolecules and...
...
variations will develop an understanding of the two main artificial light sources available. A
spotlight/open flash imitates the type of light we see from direct sunlight, a hard light with
strong ... than
tungsten when operating. e design of the light is very similar to the tungsten-halogen
spotlight. ey are not a continuous light source as the light flickers at very high frequency
duri...
... the intermediates in metabolism.
Mechanical support, shape, and protection against
swelling in hypotonic media. The cell wall is a
porous nonselective barrier that allows most small
molecules to
... ionization.
[ADP][P
i
]
ᎏᎏ
[ATP][H
2
O]
Ϫ⌬G°
ᎏ
nᏲ
Proton Transfer Potential Standard Reduction Potential Group Transfer Potential
(Acidity) (Electron Transfer Potential) (High-Energy Bond)
Simple equation AH
34
A
Ϫ
ϩ ... (pK
a
and reduction poten-
tial, Ᏹ
o
, respectively). As shown in Table 3.4, the notion of group transfer is fully
analogous to those of ionization potential and reduction po...
... the reactions necessary to keep cells and organisms alive must run against
their thermodynamic potential, that is, in the direction of positive ⌬G. Among these
are the synthesis of adenosine ... All naturally occurring processes proceed toward equilib-
rium, that is, to a state of minimum potential energy. The third law of
thermodynamics states that the entropy of any crystalline, perfectly
o...
... together. This hydrophobic effect in-
duces formation of a compact structure—the folded protein.
A potential problem with this rather simple folding model is that polar backbone
NOH and CP
O groups
... N-linked oligosaccharides to direct selected proteins to
A DEEPER LOOK
Drug Research Finds a Sweet Spot
A variety of diseases are being successfully treated with sugar-based
therapies. As this table ... medicines.Scientific American 287:40–47.
Additional References: Alper, J.,2001. Searching for medicine’s sweet spot. Science 291:2338–2343. Borman,S., 2007. Sugar medicine. Chemical & Engi...