Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Cambridge, 2006) - Chapter 8 docx

... (Halley and Iwasa 19 98, Diserud and Engen 2000, Hakoyama and Iwasa 2000, Lande et al. 2003) takes the form dX ¼ bðX Þdt þ ffiffiffiffiffi a e p X dW e þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a d X p dW d ,wherea e and a d are the envir- onmental ... 0 2 0.3 28 0.21 3 0.252 0.39 4 0. 182 0.95 5 0.142 1.32 6 0. 085 1. 48 7 0.057 2.45 8 0.031 3. 78 9 0.021 2.56 10 0.014 4.07 11 0.005 3.76 12 0.005 3 13 0.002 2 14 0.002...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... behavioral ecology (Stephens and Krebs 1 986 , Mangel and Clark 1 988 , Clark and Mangel 2000) are obtained in the Natural world: Observations An idea of how the world works: Theory and predictions Variables, ... undergraduates, graduate students, post-docs, and even those beyond) who wants to develop the intuition and skills required for reading the literature in theoretica...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... 10 –1 –0 .8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 .8 1 (a) x y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 –1 –0 .8 –0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 .8 1 (b) x y 0 (d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 .8 0.9 1 x y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 .8 0.9 (c) 1 x y Figure ... you are willing to forgo a terrestrial, mammalian bias. But bear with the analysis even if you c...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... l ¼Np (for which we set t ¼1 implicitly). Random search with depletion In many situations in ecology and evolutionary biology, we deal with random search for items that are then removed and not ... distribution, 2: a Poisson process 105 and view this as an equation for x ˆci . We solve Eq. 3 .84 for x ˆci and obtain x ^ ci ¼ 1 ð1 þ b 2 Þ ½X i þ bðY i À aÞ (3 :85 ) and t...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... parasitoids (Charnov and Skinner 1 984 , 1 985 , 1 988 ). I subsequently wrote on similar topics; the relevant chap- ters in Mangel and Clark ( 1 988 ) and Clark and Mangel (2000) are entry points to the ... sketch a graph with l on the x-axis and y ¼l or y ¼Àre Àl on the y-axis and look for their intersections and note that if  ¼0 then l ¼Àr). 1 48 The evolutionary ecol...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... meaning any deviation from a comple- tely random distribution – is sufficient to stabilize the dynamics. The papers of Anderson and May (19 78) and May and Anderson (19 78) are well worth examining, ... interest and oppor- tunity for modeling (Lipp et al. 2002, Hastings 1997, 2001, Hastings and McKinnon 19 98, Hastings and D’Allesandro 2000, Hastings et al. 2002) and opportuni...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... 309 1976 0.42 389 1977 0.49 277 19 78 0.43 254 1979 0.4 170 1 980 0.45 97 1 981 0.5 91 1 982 0.53 177 1 983 0. 58 216 1 984 0.64 229 1 985 0.66 211 1 986 0.65 231 1 987 0.63 223 (a) To get a sense of the ... Catch (thousands of tons) 1965 1. 78 94 1966 1.31 212 1967 0.91 195 19 68 0.96 383 1969 0 .88 320 1970 0.9 402 1971 0 .87 366 1972 0.72 606 1973 0.57 3 78 1974 0.45 319 1975 0.42 3...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... "Þvðx þ "; t Þ (7 :82 ) (c) Now Taylor expand Eqs. (7 .81 ) and (7 .82 ) to first order in Dt and to second order in " and compare those results with the backward and forward equations that ... (7.59 )and( 7 .81 ) are said to be adjoints of each other (Haberman (19 98) is a good source for more mathematical detail). We shall employ both backward and forward equation...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... variation 87 – 88 conditional probability 81 84 , 85 86 confidence intervals 93, 94 conjugate priors 112, 1 28 129 contagion and virulence 176–1 78, 182 , 183 continuous random variables 84 85 , 86 88 369 Sinclair, ... rate 188 – 189 caused by parasitic Plasmodium spp. 189 –190, 207 cycle of infection 189 – 190 history of study and fight against 188 – 189 mosquito vectors (Ano...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... 2.4 488 66 0.0145 AR(7) −0.2 389 13 0.052594 −4.542616 0.0000 AR (8) 0. 182 816 0.04 687 8 3 .89 980 1 0.0001 AR(9) 0.026431 0.060321 0.4 381 69 0.6613 AR(10) −0.615601 0.076171 8. 081 867 0.0000 MA(1) 0.037 787 ... 0.037436 −0.774561 0.4 387 MA(1) −0.00 088 4 0.0 384 11 −0.023012 0. 981 6 MA(3) −0.015096 0.0265 38 −0.5 688 39 0.5696 MA(6) −0.014 584 0.026053 −0.559792 0.5757 MA(10) 0.029 4...

Ngày tải lên: 03/05/2014, 16:47