Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Cambridge, 2006) - Chapter 7 pptx

... "Þvðx þ "; t Þ (7: 82) (c) Now Taylor expand Eqs. (7. 81) and (7. 82) to first order in Dt and to second order in " and compare those results with the backward and forward equations that ... exponentials in Eq. (7. 25) for m !0 and show that you obtain our previous result. If you have more energy after this, do the same for the solutions of T(x) from Exercises 7...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... ¼lx 0 e lt and d 2 x/dt 2 ¼l 2 x 0 e lt . When we substitute these forms for x(t) and its two derivatives back into Eq. (2.38), note that both x 0 and e lt will cancel 52 Topics from ordinary and partial ... x K 2  (2:34) and equations that could describe a mutualistic interaction (for example between ants and butterflies, see Pierce and Nash (1999) or Pierce et al. (2002)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... undergraduates, graduate students, post-docs, and even those beyond) who wants to develop the intuition and skills required for reading the literature in theoretical and mathematical biology and for doing work in ... make clear and definitive predictions led to a long standing debate about theories and models (Gray 19 87, Mitchell and Valone 1990), and what differ- ences...

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... 1 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 7 –6 (a) p L( p| 4, 10) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 .7 0.8 0.9 1 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 –69 –68 – 67 –66 p (b) L( p| 40, 100) Figure 3.4. The log-likelihood function L(pjk, ... l ¼Np (for which we set t ¼1 implicitly). Random search with depletion In many situations in ecology and evolutionary biology, we deal with random search for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... sketch a graph with l on the x-axis and y ¼l or y ¼Àre Àl on the y-axis and look for their intersections and note that if  ¼0 then l ¼Àr). 148 The evolutionary ecology of parasitoids hosts at ... pheromone, for example) or, rather, ignore superparasitism of such hosts (Pritchard 1969, Hubbard and Cook 1 978 , Hubbard et al. 19 87, van Alphen et al. 19 87, van Alphen and Vi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... meaning any deviation from a comple- tely random distribution – is sufficient to stabilize the dynamics. The papers of Anderson and May (1 978 ) and May and Anderson (1 978 ) are well worth examining, ... interest and oppor- tunity for modeling (Lipp et al. 2002, Hastings 19 97, 2001, Hastings and McKinnon 1998, Hastings and D’Allesandro 2000, Hastings et al. 2002) and opportu...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... (thousands of tons) 1965 1 .78 94 1966 1.31 212 19 67 0.91 195 1968 0.96 383 1969 0.88 320 1 970 0.9 402 1 971 0. 87 366 1 972 0 .72 606 1 973 0. 57 378 1 974 0.45 319 1 975 0.42 309 1 976 0.42 389 1 977 0.49 ... (6.8)asa function of fishing effort E and the effectiveness, q, of that eff ort in r (per year) T (8C) 0.23 1 .75 0. 17 0.0 0. 27 1 .75 0.2 1.0 0.31 2.5 0.15 1 .75 0.36 3...

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... best sources for looking up solutions of the standard diffusion equation are Carslaw and Jaeger (1959), Goel and Richter-Dyn (1 974 ), and Crank (1 975 ) (this particular solution is com- puted by ... (Halley and Iwasa 1998, Diserud and Engen 2000, Hakoyama and Iwasa 2000, Lande et al. 2003) takes the form dX ¼ bðX Þdt þ ffiffiffiffiffi a e p X dW e þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a d X p dW d ,wherea e and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... environments 31–36, 73 74 predation and random search 20 –23, 24 two-dimensional 48–58 diffusion and exponential growth 64–69, 78 and logistic growth 69 73 , 79 as a random walk 58– 64, 77 78 in a bounded ... states 48–58 , 74 – 76 diffusion and exponential growth 64– 69, 78 diffusion and logistic growth 69 73 , 79 diffusion as a random walk 58–64, 77 78 discrete log...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... t -Statistic Prob. C 8.33E- 07 0.000144 0.00 577 6 0.9954 AR(1) 0.000600 0.040612 0.01 477 3 0.9882 AR(3) 0.019545 0.035886 0.544639 0.5861 AR(6) 0.018085 0.031 876 0.5 673 66 0. 570 6 AR(10) −0.0289 97 ... 0.0000 MA(4) 0.0369 97 0. 074 796 0.494633 0.6209 MA(5) −0.004544 0.059140 −0. 076 834 0.9388 MA(6) −0.14 071 4 0.04 673 9 −3.010598 0.00 27 MA (7) 0.253016 0.042340 5. 975 838 0.0000...

Ngày tải lên: 03/05/2014, 16:47