Quantitative Methods for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Cambridge, 2006) - Chapter 2 pptx

... forth. 1 1 .2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2 .2 2.4 2. 6 2. 8 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 r N(500) Figure 2. 9. The bifurcation plot of N(500) versus r; see text for details. 42 Topics from ordinary and partial ... 3L 2 dL dt (2: 10) and if we use this equation in Eq. (2. 9), we see that 3L 2 dL dt ¼ L 2  cL 3 (2: 11) so that now if we divide through by 3L 2 , we obtain dL...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... ¼0; (2) E{dW 2 } ¼dt; (3) dW is normally distributed; (4) if dW 1 ¼W(t 1 þdt) W(t 1 ) and dW 2 ¼W(t 2 þdt) W(t 2 ) where t 2 > t 1 þdt then dW 1 and dW 2 are independent random variables (for ... sÞ¼ 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p  2 ð1e 2 ðt sÞ Þ 2  r exp  ðx  e ðtsÞ yÞ 2 2 2 ð1e 2 ðtsÞ Þ 2 2 4 3 5 (7:48) I intentionally did not cancel...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... Clark and I talk about this a bit in our book (Clark and Mangel 20 00). Two possible forms for the gain function are G(t) ¼at/(b þt) and G(t) ¼at 2 /(b þt 2 ). Take some time before reading on and ... sustained and difficult mathematical exercise, it is wise to warm-up with easier things. Most of this chapter is warm-up. We shall consider four examples, arising in behaviora...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... 2nx¼ 1 2 ½ðx À nÞ 2 À n 2  2  (3:90) and using Eq. (3.90) in Eq. (3.89), we have Eðe nX Þ¼ 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p p ð 1 À1 exp À 1 2 ðx À nÞ 2 þ n 2  2 2  dx ¼ exp n 2  2 2  (3:91) and we have ... is ~ LðY 1 ; Y 2 ; Y 3 ; Y n jmÞ¼ Y n i¼1 1 ffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p p exp À ðY i À mÞ 2 2 ! (3:77) and the log-likelihood is LðY 1 ; Y 2 ; Y 3 ; Y n jmÞ¼À X n i¼1 1 2 logð2pÞþ...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... 1999, McGregor and Roitberg 20 00, Giske et al. 20 02, Strand et al. 20 02) . Other means of achieving individual adaptation are described in Belew and Mitchell (1996). Combining behavior and population ... for small insects, and found that the predictions and experimental results were once again consistent. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (a) Egg complement...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... bridges ecology, immunology, and epidemiology (Antia and Lipschitz 1997, Hellriegel 20 01, Ahmed et al. 20 02, Gardner and Thomas 20 02, Rolff and Siva-Jothy 20 02, 20 03, Wegner et al. 20 03). Shudo and ... interest and oppor- tunity for modeling (Lipp et al. 20 02, Hastings 1997, 20 01, Hastings and McKinnon 1998, Hastings and D’Allesandro 20 00, Hastings et al....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... Bradford et al. (20 00), Caddy (20 02) , Hilborn et al. (20 02) , Ulrich and Marchal (20 02) , Koeller (20 03) and Prager et al. (20 03). A recent issue of the Bulletin of Marine Science (70 (2) , 20 02) is focussed ... Meyer and Millar (1999a, b), Patterson (1999), Wade (20 00), Adkison and Zhenming (20 01), Hammond and O’Brien (20 01), Harley and Myers (20 01), McAllister et...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... (Halley and Iwasa 1998, Diserud and Engen 20 00, Hakoyama and Iwasa 20 00, Lande et al. 20 03) takes the form dX ¼ bðX Þdt þ ffiffiffiffiffi a e p X dW e þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a d X p dW d ,wherea e and a d are the envir- onmental ... reads, and most are easily accessible through JSTOR; I encourage you to take a look at them (Pearl 1 928 , Alpatov and Pearl 1 929 ; Pearl and Parker 1 921 , 1 922...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... overfishing 21 8 22 4, 24 1 24 2 bioinformatics 168–169 blue noise 28 3 box model (Freedman) for appropriate probability model 101, 1 02 Brownian motion 77–78, 25 1 25 4, 26 0 26 4, 28 2 BSE (mad-cow disease) 20 8 calculus egg ... 141–143 no-flux boundary conditions 62 64 noise blue 28 3 Gaussian white 26 1 26 4 red 28 3 non-informative priors 128 – 129 non-invadable sex ratio 1...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... −0.355179 0. 722 5 D(DR − USEURSP(−4)) −0.01 424 8 0. 024 022 −0.593095 0.55 32 C −0.00 021 2 0.000138 −1.5366 92 0. 124 6 R-squared 0.49 127 7 Mean dependent var. 1.04E-06 Adjusted R-squared 0.4898 12 S.D. dependent ... Prob. C 0 .24 923 1 0.140579 1.7 728 94 0.07 62 BDR − JP − YC( 2) −0.36 128 9 0.108911 −3.31 727 3 0.0009 BDR − UK − YC(−9) −0 .28 722 0 0.108397 2. 649696 0.0081 BDR − J...

Ngày tải lên: 03/05/2014, 16:47