Research Techniques in Animal Ecology - Overview doc

... than in other scientific endeavors. Nonetheless, there is no good justification for studying animal pop- ulations without greater discipline. These intrinsic difficulties in studying animal ecology ... of methods and tech- niques in animal ecology. The main purpose of this book, therefore, is to present some of the more common issues and research techniques used in animal...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... varia- tion model developed earlier in this chapter. Instead of each animal having 322 GARY C. WHITE mates used in the model. Uncertainty about the model is not included in this confidence interval ... a declining population. Most populations for which we are concerned about extinction probabilities have suffered a serious decline in numbers. The geno- types remaining after a severe...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... than in other scientific endeavors. Nonetheless, there is no good justification for studying animal pop- ulations without greater discipline. These intrinsic difficulties in studying animal ecology ... ani- mals establish and maintain home ranges: The benefits of maintaining a home range exceed the costs. Let C D be the daily costs for an animal, excluding the costs, C R , of monitorin...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 12:57

... of hypotheses in eco- logical research. Hypothesis Testing in Ecology 3 ᭿ What Is a Hypothesis? Hypotheses must be universal in their application, but the meaning of univer- sal in ecology is far ... of angels-on-the-pinhead, and you could waste your scien- tific life trying to find an answer to it. But you will find in the literature almost no discussion of which types of questi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... banding, col- laring, wing tagging, harnessing, gluing, tying, suturing, clamping, and implanting (Kenward 1987; Samuel and Fuller 1994). Since the earliest uses of radiomarking in birds, it ... clip- ping, web-punching, feather clipping), no guidelines for use of this technique have been provided. Marking fish, reptiles, and amphibians using techniques such as tissue removal, branding, .....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... diverse as research and management questions. Knowing animals’ home ranges provides significant insight into mating patterns and reproduction, social organization and inter- actions, foraging and ... van Winkle 1975; Wor- ton 1987). Minimum convex polygons provide only crude outlines of animals’ home ranges, are highly sensitive to extreme data points, ignore all informa- tion provided by in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... zibethicus) during a general population increase swelled 3 0- to 9 0- fold in low-quality habitats but much less in high-quality habitats. Considering that, in general, animals in poor-quality habitats ... Delta in coastal south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 136. Macdonald, D. W. and O. Courtenay. 1996. Enduring social relationships in a population of crab-eating zorro...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... that trends in populations are fixed and linear. This is appropriate in certain situa- tions, such as declining endangered species or increasing introduced species, whose populations often follow deterministic ... used as indirect indices (e.g., singing birds per standard listening interval, overall sound volume produced by insect aggregations, howling frequency by packs of wild canids, or...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... response that again is evaluated by monitoring. And the process of perpetual modeling, manipulating, monitor- ing, evaluating, and revising the model continues indefinitely. Given the com- plexity of ... and higher-order terms are a consequence of trophic-level interactions. Certainly the autoregression coefficients do not yield to such simple interpre- tations, but work is just beginning in...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... recorded during social interactions. In this we explore interactions during grooming and dominance. In the fourth section we explore methods used for gathering data on social interaction and then, in ... simultaneously recip- rocal allogrooming bouts for one individual (A) with other individuals (B, C, D, and E) and all com- bined (All) in a group-grooming huddle. (The grooming intera...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20