From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - References pptx
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - References pptx
... Density-dependent and density-independent para-
sitoid aggregation in model host–parasitoid systems. American
Naturalist, 140, 912–937.
Ives, A.R. (1992b) Continuous-time models of host–parasitoid ... secondary
compounds to the seed-eating larvae of the bruchid beetle
Callosobruchus maculatus. Phytochemistry, 16, 223–227.
Jeffries, M.J. & Lawton, J.H. (1984) Enemy-free space and the str...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx
... has been exposed to variations in the phys-
ical factors of the environment, for example a short growing
season or a high risk of frost or drought, a once-and-for-all toler-
ance may ultimately ... area
showing the gradual change from pasture
to cliff conditions. (c) The mean length
of stolons produced in the experimental
garden from samples taken from the
transect. (From Aston &...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps
... sampled from diverse
localities in northern USA and Canada, and were tested for
freezing tolerance and ability to acclimate to cold. Individuals
from the most freeze-tolerant population (from ... environ-
mental conditions because water tends to move into organisms
from the environment and this needs to be resisted. In marine
habitats, the majority of organisms are isotonic...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx
...
process of photosynthesis (Figure 3.2).
Radiant energy is converted during
photosynthesis into energy-rich chem-
ical compounds of carbon, which will
subsequently be broken down in re-
spiration ... dioxide
The CO
2
used in photosynthesis is
obtained almost entirely from the atmo-
sphere, where its concentration has risen from approximately
280 µll
−1
in 1750 to about 370 µll
−1
today...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 4 ppt
... sometimes
to pupae, and then to adults; plants pass from seeds to seedlings
to photosynthesizing adults; and so on. The different stages are
likely to be influenced by different factors and to have ... population
to describe a group of individuals of one
species under investigation. What actually constitutes a popula-
tion, though, will vary from species to species and f...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 5 pps
... therefore trajectories that follow a cohort through
time. This is indicated by arrows, pointing from many small, young
individuals (bottom right) to fewer, larger, older individuals
(top left).
Mean ... small population sizes: A to B, B to C) and is small close to the carrying capacity (I to J, J to K), but is large at
intermediate densities (E to F). The result is an ‘S...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 6 pot
... (Murton et al., 1966).
Individuals may also gain from living in groups if this helps to
locate food, give warning of predators or if it pays for individuals
to join forces in fighting off a predator ... followed prior to, during
and after a period of severe defoliation. The clones, which
varied in extent from 60 to 350 m
2
and from 700 to 20,000
rhizomes, failed to produ...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 7 docx
... which grows from 1900 to 3000 m. But as colder weather
sets in, they travel to lower elevations and from October to May
they feed primarily on Bashania fargesii, which grows from 1000
to 2100 m. ... in twelve 5-year age classes through dis-
crete 5-year time steps. Values for age-specific survivorship and
density-dependent reproductive rates were derived from a
thorough data...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 8 pdf
... In plants, for example, this may result
from height differences, with one species able to completely
over-top another and preempt access to light (Freckleton &
Watkinson, 2001). In a similar ... performance was due to improved access to pre-
ferred nest sites and consequent decreased losses of nestlings
to predators. In the case of virginia’s warblers, but not orange-
crowned...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 9 potx
... their
potential to lend stability to predator–prey dynamics. For now,
we concentrate on the behavior that leads to predator aggrega-
tion (Section 9.6.1), the optimal foraging approach to patch use
(Section ... times
take longer to respond to increases in prey abundance, and
longer to recover when reduced to low densities.
The same phenomenon occurs in
desert communities, wher...
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